{"id":5990,"date":"2022-12-12T10:26:46","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T01:26:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5990"},"modified":"2022-12-19T09:08:10","modified_gmt":"2022-12-19T00:08:10","slug":"from-liberation-space-to-post-liberation-the-lives-and-activities-of-two-early-north-korean-musicians","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5990","title":{"rendered":"From Liberation Space to Post-Liberation: The Lives and Activities of Two Early North Korean Musicians"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Peter\u00a0G.\u00a0Moody<\/strong>\u00a0(SNUAC)<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0my\u00a0effort\u00a0to\u00a0document\u00a0a\u00a0political\u00a0and\u00a0cultural\u00a0history\u00a0of\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0music,\u00a0I\u00a0recently\u00a0came\u00a0across\u00a0a\u00a01956\u00a0book\u00a0published\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0(North)\u00a0Korean\u00a0Composers\u2019\u00a0Alliance\u00a0Central\u00a0Committee\u00a0(\uc870\uc120\uc791\uace1\uac00\ub3d9\ub9f9\uc911\uc559\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c)\u00a0called\u00a0<em>Korean\u00a0Music\u00a0after\u00a0Liberation\u00a0or\u00a0alternatively\u00a0Post-Liberation\u00a0Korean\u00a0Music<\/em><br \/>\n(\ud574\ubc29\ud6c4\u00a0\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545,\u00a01956).\u00a0As\u00a0an\u00a0edited\u00a0volume\u00a0covering\u00a0various\u00a0topics\u00a0ranging\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0State Music School\u00a0in\u00a0Pyongyang,\u00a0the\u00a0Soviet\u00a0influence\u00a0on\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0music,\u00a0children\u2019s\u00a0music\u00a0initiatives,\u00a0and\u00a0local\u00a0music\u00a0activity,\u00a0the\u00a0work\u00a0aimed\u00a0to\u00a0provide\u00a0a\u00a0comprehensive\u00a0even\u00a0if\u00a0sanitized\u00a0account\u00a0of\u00a0music\u00a0development\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0northern\u00a0half\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0peninsula\u00a0from\u00a01945\u00a0up\u00a0until\u00a0then.<\/p>\n<p>When\u00a0reading\u00a0through\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0several\u00a0pages\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0text,\u00a0I\u00a0became\u00a0aware\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0tension\u00a0that\u00a0existed\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0burgeoning\u00a0of\u00a0diverse\u00a0works\u00a0of\u00a0music\u00a0heralding\u00a0Korea\u2019s\u00a0newly\u00a0liberated\u00a0status\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0reluctance\u00a0to\u00a0embrace\u00a0certain\u00a0genres\u00a0of\u00a0music\u00a0deemed\u00a0harmful\u00a0or\u00a0disruptive\u00a0to\u00a0society\u00a0in\u00a0some\u00a0way,\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0American\u00a0jazz.\u00a0From\u00a0all\u00a0indications,\u00a0the\u00a0affix\u00a0<em>hu<\/em>\u00a0(\ud6c4)\u00a0attached\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0word\u00a0liberation\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0book\u2019s\u00a0title\u00a0merely\u00a0denoted\u00a0\u201cafter\u201d\u00a0or\u00a0\u201cpost\u201d\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0temporal\u00a0sense.\u00a0Nevertheless,\u00a0the\u00a0resulting\u00a0term\u00a0<em>haebanghu<\/em>,\u00a0which\u00a0I\u00a0have\u00a0translated\u00a0here\u00a0as\u00a0\u201cpost-liberation\u201d\u00a0compelled\u00a0me\u00a0to\u00a0reflect\u00a0upon\u00a0just\u00a0how<br \/>\nliberated the\u00a0conditions\u00a0actually\u00a0were\u00a0for\u00a0individual\u00a0musicians\u00a0throughout\u00a0the\u00a0decade\u00a0the\u00a0book<br \/>\nchronicled,\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0South.\u00a0Thinking\u00a0back\u00a0about\u00a0the\u00a0lives\u00a0of\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0musicians\u00a0I\u00a0was\u00a0researching,\u00a0I\u00a0wondered\u00a0if\u00a0the\u00a0term\u00a0\u201cpost-liberation\u201d\u00a0itself\u00a0could\u00a0serve\u00a0as\u00a0a useful analytical\u00a0lens\u00a0to\u00a0illustrate\u00a0the\u00a0increasing\u00a0constraints\u00a0writers\u00a0and\u00a0artists\u00a0were\u00a0up\u00a0against\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0ideological\u00a0and\u00a0social\u00a0tensions\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0peninsula\u00a0intensified.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5994\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5994\" style=\"width: 247px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5994\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"247\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc1.png 247w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc1-214x300.png 214w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 247px) 100vw, 247px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5994\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The DPRK volume Post-Liberation Korean Music<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>By\u00a0utilizing\u00a0the\u00a0notion\u00a0of\u00a0post-liberation\u00a0to\u00a0detail\u00a0what\u00a0life\u00a0was\u00a0like\u00a0for\u00a0certain\u00a0musicians, I\u00a0do\u00a0not<br \/>\nintend\u00a0to\u00a0overshadow\u00a0the\u00a0already\u00a0existing\u00a0concept\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cliberation\u00a0space.\u201d\u00a0Emerging\u00a0in\u00a0South\u00a0Korea\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a01980s,\u00a0the\u00a0liberation\u00a0space\u00a0lens\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0a\u00a0much-needed\u00a0corrective\u00a0to\u00a0state-centric\u00a0accounts<br \/>\nas\u00a0it\u00a0has\u00a0drawn\u00a0significant\u00a0attention\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0voices\u00a0and\u00a0perspectives\u00a0of\u00a0those\u00a0who\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0fit\u00a0neatly\u00a0into\u00a0the\u00a0Cold\u00a0War\u00a0binary\u00a0(See\u00a0for\u00a0instance\u00a0Hughes,\u00a02012;\u00a0Zur\u00a02017).<\/p>\n<p>As\u00a0a\u00a0temporal\u00a0category\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0entire\u00a01945\u20131950\u00a0period,\u00a0however,\u00a0the\u00a0term\u00a0liberation\u00a0space\u00a0could<br \/>\nbe\u00a0problematic.\u00a0At\u00a0the\u00a0very\u00a0least,\u00a0it\u00a0could\u00a0misrepresent\u00a0the\u00a0fact\u00a0that\u00a0for\u00a0many\u00a0artists,\u00a0especially\u00a0musicians,\u00a0the\u00a0spaces\u00a0for\u00a0creative\u00a0autonomy\u00a0on\u00a0both\u00a0sides\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a038th\u00a0parallel\u00a0severely\u00a0narrowed\u00a0over\u00a0time.\u00a0A\u00a0portrayal\u00a0of\u00a0&#8220;post-liberation&#8221;\u00a0then\u00a0could\u00a0act\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0critical\u00a0supplement\u00a0to\u00a0help\u00a0distinguish<br \/>\nbetween\u00a0the\u00a0instances\u00a0of\u00a0spontaneous\u00a0artistic\u00a0activity\u00a0and\u00a0expression\u00a0that\u00a0did\u00a0take\u00a0place\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0libeation\u00a0space)\u00a0and\u00a0when\u00a0artists\u00a0and\u00a0writers\u00a0had\u00a0to\u00a0turn\u00a0to\u00a0new\u00a0forms\u00a0of\u00a0agency\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0accommodation\u00a0in\u00a0order\u00a0to\u00a0continue\u00a0creating\u00a0(i.e.,\u00a0post-liberation).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5995 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc2.png 426w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc2-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc2-356x220.png 356w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/>If\u00a0we\u00a0were\u00a0to\u00a0treat\u00a0liberation\u00a0space\u00a0and\u00a0post-liberation\u00a0as\u00a0phases\u00a0following\u00a0Japanese\u00a0colonialism<br \/>\nand\u00a0accompanying\u00a0the\u00a0drift\u00a0towards\u00a0national\u00a0division,\u00a0when\u00a0would\u00a0liberation\u00a0space\u00a0stage\u00a0end\u00a0and<br \/>\npost-liberation\u00a0begin?\u00a0This\u00a0is\u00a0another\u00a0instance\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0a\u00a0general\u00a0periodization\u00a0scheme\u00a0can\u00a0only<br \/>\nfail\u00a0us.\u00a0Did\u00a0liberation\u00a0space\u00a0give\u00a0way\u00a0to\u00a0post-liberation\u00a0during\u00a0the\u00a0violent\u00a0crackdown\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Sinuiju<br \/>\nprotest\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0on\u00a0November\u00a023,\u00a01945\u00a0or\u00a0when\u00a0the\u00a0US\u00a0military\u00a0government\u00a0in\u00a0Korea\u00a0decided\u00a0to\u00a0end\u00a0the\u00a0spontaneously-formed\u00a0people&#8217;s\u00a0committees\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0on\u00a0December\u00a012,\u00a01945?<br \/>\nDid\u00a0the\u00a01947\u00a0ban\u00a0on\u00a0leftist\u00a0political\u00a0and\u00a0artistic\u00a0organizations\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0mark\u00a0a\u00a0state\u00a0of\u00a0post-liberation,\u00a0or\u00a0was\u00a0it\u00a0the\u00a0intense\u00a0and\u00a0ongoing\u00a0social\u00a0pressure\u00a0to\u00a0comply\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0directives\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Workers&#8217;\u00a0Party\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0that\u00a0created\u00a0the\u00a0conditions\u00a0for\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0predicament?<\/p>\n<p>Since\u00a0the\u00a0circumstances\u00a0differed\u00a0from\u00a0individual\u00a0to\u00a0individual,\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0clearly\u00a0no\u00a0single\u00a0event\u00a0or\u00a0decision\u00a0that\u00a0universially\u00a0constrained\u00a0political\u00a0and\u00a0artistic\u00a0activties.\u00a0As\u00a0a\u00a0way\u00a0of\u00a0illustrating\u00a0the\u00a0multiplicity\u00a0of\u00a0factors\u00a0weighing\u00a0on\u00a0divergent\u00a0post-liberation\u00a0trajectories,\u00a0I\u00a0provide\u00a0accounts\u00a0of\u00a0two\u00a0musicians<br \/>\nbelow:\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0(1917\u20131983)\u00a0and\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0(1900\u20131980).\u00a0Both\u00a0migrated\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0to<br \/>\nthe\u00a0North,\u00a0and\u00a0as\u00a0high-profile\u00a0cultural\u00a0figures,\u00a0they\u00a0faced\u00a0precarious\u00a0prospects\u00a0in\u00a0both\u00a0Koreas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0(\uae40\uc21c\ub0a8):\u00a0A\u00a0Controversial\u00a0Musician\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0and\u00a0South<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0was\u00a0an\u00a0\u00a0modernist\u00a0composer\u00a0and\u00a0pianist\u00a0who\u00a0faced\u00a0backlash\u00a0for\u00a0his\u00a0works\u00a0of\u00a0music<br \/>\nand\u00a0political\u00a0leanings\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0North.\u00a0He\u00a0was\u00a0born\u00a0in\u00a0Seoul\u00a0in\u00a01917\u00a0and\u00a0exhibited\u00a0musical\u00a0talent\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0very\u00a0young\u00a0age.\u00a0In\u00a01938,\u00a0he\u00a0ventured\u00a0abroad\u00a0to\u00a0about\u00a0the\u00a0only\u00a0place\u00a0he\u00a0could\u00a0gain\u00a0music\u00a0expertise\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0time,\u00a0Japan.<\/p>\n<p>Ironically,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0in\u00a0Japan\u00a0where\u00a0his\u00a0Korean\u00a0nationalist\u00a0and\u00a0leftist\u00a0political\u00a0orientation\u00a0really\u00a0blossomed.\u00a0He\u00a0grew\u00a0interested\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0proletarian\u00a0movement\u00a0from\u00a0one\u00a0of\u00a0his\u00a0Japanese\u00a0teachers,\u00a0but\u00a0once\u00a0the\u00a0Pacific\u00a0War\u00a0began,\u00a0he\u00a0returned\u00a0to\u00a0Korea.\u00a0In\u00a0December\u00a01944,\u00a0he\u00a0managed\u00a0to\u00a0hold\u00a0a\u00a0recital,\u00a0which\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0according\u00a0to\u00a0many\u00a0critics\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0time\u00a0to\u00a0exhibit\u00a0\u201cmodernist\u00a0techniques\u00a0and\u00a0atonal\u00a0elements.\u201d\u00a0It\u00a0was\u00a0also\u00a0a\u00a0national\u00a0music\u00a0concert\u00a0because\u00a0he\u00a0included\u00a0a\u00a0medley\u00a0of\u00a0Korean\u00a0folksongs\u00a0(\ub178\ub3d9\uc740,\u00a02017).<\/p>\n<p>Upon\u00a0liberation,\u00a0Kim\u00a0became\u00a0a\u00a0leading\u00a0cultural\u00a0figure\u00a0in\u00a0organizations\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Music\u00a0Construction\u00a0headquarters\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0left-leaning\u00a0Korean\u00a0Musicians\u2019\u00a0Alliance.\u00a0Within\u00a0this\u00a0liberation<br \/>\nspace,\u00a0he\u00a0composed\u00a0the\u00a0march\u00a0\u201cLiberation\u00a0Song\u201d\u00a0(\ud574\ubc29\uc758\u00a0\ub178\ub798).\u00a0The\u00a0lyrics\u00a0were\u00a0written\u00a0by\u00a0the<br \/>\nfamous\u00a0poet\u00a0Im\u00a0Hwa\u00a0(1908\u20131953),\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0closely\u00a0collaborated.\u00a0In\u00a0expressing\u00a0frustration<br \/>\nabout\u00a0the\u00a0slow\u00a0pace\u00a0of\u00a0land\u00a0reform\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South,\u00a0the\u00a0second\u00a0verse\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0song\u00a0included\u00a0the\u00a0lines\u00a0\u201c[When\u00a0it\u00a0comes\u00a0to]\u00a0the\u00a0land\u00a0and\u00a0factories\u00a0that\u00a0were\u00a0taken.\/\u00a0Take\u00a0them\u00a0back\u00a0with\u00a0just\u00a0hands!\u201d\u00a0\u00a0Lyrics\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0these\u00a0risked\u00a0tensions\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0authorities.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/I3Ce9Uxy8sw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"\ud574\ubc29\uc758\ub178\ub798\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">\u201cSong\u00a0of\u00a0Liberation\u201d\u00a0with\u00a0lyrics.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Meanwhile\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0composed\u00a0art\u00a0songs,\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0\u201cSanyuhwa\u201d\u00a0(\uc0b0\uc720\ud654)\u00a0or\u00a0\u201cMountain\u00a0Flower.\u201d<br \/>\nThis\u00a0piece\u00a0was\u00a0a\u00a0different\u00a0sort\u00a0of\u00a0liberation\u00a0music\u00a0than\u00a0his\u00a0liberation\u00a0marches\u00a0because\u00a0it\u00a0departed\u00a0from\u00a0both\u00a0the\u00a0Western\u00a0triad\u00a0(three-note\u00a0chord)\u00a0convention\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0yona\u00a0nuki\u00a0pentatonic\u00a0scale<br \/>\nthat\u00a0dominated\u00a0Japanese\u00a0popular\u00a0music\u00a0(\ub178\ub3d9\uc740,\u00a01988).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yAtmHeBNZy0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"\uae40\uc21c\ub0a8-\uc0b0\uc720\ud654\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">A\u00a01994\u00a0recording\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cSanyuhwa,\u201d\u00a0sung\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0world-renowned\u00a0soprano\u00a0Sumi\u00a0Jo.<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0then\u00a0became\u00a0post-liberated\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0August\u00a01947\u00a0when\u00a0the\u00a0chief\u00a0of\u00a0police\u00a0ordered\u00a0his<br \/>\narrest\u00a0for\u00a0composing\u00a0\u201cSong\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0People\u2019s\u00a0Resistance\u201d\u00a0(\uc778\ubbfc\u00a0\ud56d\uc7c1\uac00),\u00a0which\u00a0was\u00a0suspected\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0a<br \/>\nprovisional\u00a0national\u00a0anthem\u00a0north\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a038th\u00a0parallel\u00a0(Ahn,\u00a02012).\u00a0He\u00a0then\u00a0went\u00a0into\u00a0hiding\u00a0during\u00a0a\u00a0period\u00a0when\u00a0leftist\u00a0artistic\u00a0and\u00a0political\u00a0organizations\u00a0were\u00a0suppressed.<\/p>\n<p>For\u00a0some\u00a0time,\u00a0Kim\u00a0had\u00a0an\u00a0unlikely\u00a0ally,\u00a0Eli\u00a0Haimowitz\u00a0who\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0US\u00a0military\u2019s\u00a0chief\u00a0music\u00a0advisor\u00a0in\u00a0Seoul\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0time.\u00a0Upon\u00a0showing\u00a0his\u00a0work\u00a0to\u00a0Haimowitz,\u00a0the\u00a0US\u00a0music\u00a0advisor\u00a0considered\u00a0Kim\u00a0a\u00a0genius\u00a0and\u00a0became\u00a0deeply\u00a0critical\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0decision\u00a0to\u00a0target\u00a0him.\u00a0Haimowitz\u00a0even\u00a0let\u00a0the\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam<br \/>\nhide\u00a0in\u00a0his\u00a0car\u00a0and\u00a0also\u00a0arranged\u00a0for\u00a0him\u00a0to\u00a0study\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0US,\u00a0but\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0turned\u00a0down\u00a0the<br \/>\noffer\u00a0and\u00a0decided\u00a0to\u00a0cross\u00a0into\u00a0North\u00a0Korea\u00a0instead\u00a0(Park,\u00a02021).<\/p>\n<p>Once\u00a0in\u00a0North\u00a0Korea,\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0quickly\u00a0attained\u00a0prominent\u00a0positions\u00a0including\u00a0serving\u00a0as\u00a0a<br \/>\nrepresentative\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Supreme\u00a0People\u2019s\u00a0Committee\u00a0and\u00a0working\u00a0a\u00a0Professor\u00a0of\u00a0Music\u00a0Composition\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0State\u00a0Music\u00a0School\u00a0(currently\u00a0the\u00a0Kim\u00a0Won-gyun\u00a0Conservatory).\u00a0\u00a0In\u00a01949,\u00a0Kim\u00a0traveled\u00a0to<br \/>\nMoscow\u00a0for\u00a0an\u00a0October\u00a0Revolution\u00a0memorial\u00a0event,\u00a0and\u00a0while\u00a0he\u00a0was\u00a0there,\u00a0he\u00a0was\u00a0able\u00a0to\u00a0show\u00a0his\u00a0work\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Russian\u00a0composer\u00a0Dmitri\u00a0Shostakovich.\u00a0Impressed\u00a0by\u00a0what\u00a0Kim\u00a0had\u00a0showed\u00a0him,\u00a0Shostakovich\u00a0introduced\u00a0the\u00a0piece\u00a0to\u00a0his\u00a0colleague\u00a0Aram\u00a0Khachaturian,\u00a0who\u00a0subsequently\u00a0requested\u00a0that\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0study\u00a0directly\u00a0under\u00a0him\u00a0(\uc9c4\ud68c\uc219,\u00a02013).<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u2019s\u00a0mind,\u00a0the\u00a0opportunity\u00a0to\u00a0learn\u00a0from\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0renowned\u00a0composer\u00a0was\u00a0a\u00a0dream<br \/>\ncome\u00a0true,\u00a0but\u00a0unfortunately\u00a0for\u00a0Kim,\u00a0his\u00a0time\u00a0studying\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Soviet\u00a0Union\u00a0was\u00a0short-lived.\u00a0In\u00a0early<br \/>\n1953,\u00a0mere\u00a0months\u00a0after\u00a0he\u00a0began\u00a0working\u00a0with\u00a0Khachaturian,\u00a0Kim\u00a0was\u00a0recalled\u00a0to\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0(\ub178\ub3d9\uc740,\u00a02017)\u00a0and\u00a0then\u00a0severely\u00a0criticized\u00a0for\u00a0supposedly\u00a0prizing\u00a0foreign\u00a0music\u00a0and\u00a0neglecting\u00a0his<br \/>\nKorean\u00a0roots\u00a0(Szalontai,\u00a02005).<\/p>\n<p>By\u00a0the\u00a0end\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a01950s,\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0was\u00a0exiled\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0remote\u00a0port\u00a0city\u00a0of\u00a0Sin\u2019po.\u00a0For\u00a0Kim\u00a0to<br \/>\nreturn\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0music\u00a0scene,\u00a0he\u00a0had\u00a0to\u00a0demonstrate\u00a0that\u00a0he\u00a0had\u00a0made\u00a0a\u00a0conversion\u00a0and\u00a0accepted\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Workers\u2019\u00a0Party\u2019s\u00a0principles\u00a0for\u00a0artistic\u00a0creation.\u00a0In\u00a0his\u00a0attempt\u00a0to\u00a0do\u00a0so,\u00a0Kim\u00a0wrote\u00a0an\u00a0essay\u00a0claiming\u00a0that\u00a0he\u00a0learned\u00a0that\u00a0songs\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0masses\u00a0had\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0\u201cemotional,\u00a0easy,\u00a0and\u00a0fun\u2026\u00a0with\u00a0genuine\u00a0and\u00a0simple\u00a0emotions\u00a0that\u00a0are\u00a0not\u00a0showy,\u00a0relate\u00a0specifically\u00a0to\u00a0their\u00a0lives,\u00a0and\u00a0affect\u00a0them\u00a0directly\u201d\u00a0(\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545\u00a066\/04).<\/p>\n<p>Kim\u2019s\u00a0approach\u00a0of\u00a0making\u00a0peace\u00a0with\u00a0party\u00a0doctrine\u00a0appears\u00a0to\u00a0have\u00a0worked.\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0mid-1960s,<br \/>\nhe\u00a0rejoined\u00a0the\u00a0faculty\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0central\u00a0music\u00a0institution\u00a0in\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0and\u00a0could\u00a0compose\u00a0new\u00a0works\u00a0once\u00a0again\u00a0(Howard,\u00a02020).\u00a0Within\u00a0a\u00a0few\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0returning,\u00a0however,\u00a0Kim\u00a0reportedly\u00a0became\u00a0ill\u00a0with\u00a0pulmonary\u00a0tuberculosis,\u00a0and\u00a0spent\u00a0the\u00a0last\u00a0years\u00a0of\u00a0his\u00a0life\u00a0battling\u00a0the\u00a0illness.\u00a0For\u00a0whatever\u00a0reason,\u00a0he\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0rarely\u00a0if\u00a0at\u00a0all\u00a0mentioned\u00a0in\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0texts\u00a0after\u00a0the\u00a01960s.<\/p>\n<p>Five\u00a0years\u00a0after\u00a0his\u00a01983\u00a0death,\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0attracted\u00a0attention\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0lifting<br \/>\nof\u00a0the\u00a0ban\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0work\u00a0of\u00a0artists\u00a0who\u00a0migrated\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0North.\u00a0Kim\u2019s\u00a0daughter\u00a0who\u00a0remained\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0since\u00a0her\u00a0father\u2019s\u00a0defection,\u00a0has\u00a0conducted\u00a0investigations\u00a0to\u00a0reconstruct\u00a0his\u00a0life\u00a0(KBS,\u00a01991),\u00a0and\u00a0this\u00a0has\u00a0included\u00a0discovering\u00a0sheet\u00a0music\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0violin\u00a0and\u00a0piano\u00a0concerto\u00a0called\u00a0\u201cEarly\u00a0Spring\u201d\u00a0(\uc774\ub978\u00a0\ubd04)\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0US\u00a0Library\u00a0of\u00a0Congress\u00a0(\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545,\u00a066\/07).\u00a0As\u00a0a\u00a0piece\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0catchy\u00a0and\u00a0optimistic<br \/>\nmelody\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0chromaticism\u00a0and\u00a0atonal\u00a0diversions,\u00a0it\u00a0perhaps\u00a0represents\u00a0Kim\u00a0seeking\u00a0to\u00a0balance\u00a0the\u00a0values\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0society\u00a0he\u00a0lived\u00a0in\u00a0with\u00a0his\u00a0own\u00a0creative\u00a0standards.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5996\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5996\" style=\"width: 873px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5996\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"873\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3.png 873w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3-768x535.png 768w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3-100x70.png 100w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3-696x485.png 696w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc3-603x420.png 603w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5996\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheet music of Kim Sun-nam\u2019s \u201cEarly Spring\u201d (\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545, 66\/7)<br \/>Courtesy of the US Library of Congress<br \/>For a recent recording, listen at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5uXnDKu1RQE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5uXnDKu1RQE<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h5><strong>An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0(\uc548\uae30\uc601):\u00a0A\u00a0Gifted\u00a0Tenor\u00a0and\u00a0Longtime\u00a0Music\u00a0Educator<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0was\u00a0somewhat\u00a0older\u00a0than\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0but\u00a0was\u00a0just\u00a0as\u00a0active\u00a0a\u00a0music\u00a0practitioner<br \/>\nduring\u00a0both\u00a0the\u00a0pre-liberation\u00a0and\u00a0post-liberation\u00a0periods.\u00a0He\u00a0was\u00a0born\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0present-day\u00a0South<br \/>\nKorean\u00a0city\u00a0of\u00a0Kongju\u00a0in\u00a01900,\u00a0but\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0young\u00a0man\u00a0moved\u00a0to\u00a0China\u00a0after\u00a0the\u00a01919\u00a0March\u00a0First\u00a0Movement\u00a0to\u00a0escape\u00a0from\u00a0Japanese\u00a0authorities.\u00a0In\u00a0China,\u00a0An\u00a0met\u00a0the\u00a0famous\u00a0independence\u00a0activist\u00a0Yo\u00a0Un-hyung\u00a0who\u00a0recommended\u00a0that\u00a0he\u00a0contribute\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0independence\u00a0movement\u00a0by\u00a0singing\u00a0and<br \/>\nplaying\u00a0cornet\u00a0for\u00a0activist\u00a0audiences\u00a0(\uae40\ub4dd\uccad,\u00a02000).<\/p>\n<p>An\u00a0returned\u00a0to\u00a0Korea\u00a0in\u00a01923\u00a0with\u00a0an\u00a0objective\u00a0in\u00a0mind\u00a0to\u00a0dedicate\u00a0himself\u00a0to\u00a0music.\u00a0At\u00a0a\u00a0Methodist\u00a0church\u00a0in\u00a0Seoul,\u00a0he\u00a0impressed\u00a0a\u00a0US\u00a0missionary\u00a0named\u00a0Mary\u00a0Young\u00a0with\u00a0his\u00a0tenor\u00a0voice.\u00a0Young\u00a0arranged\u00a0for\u00a0An\u00a0to\u00a0study\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0music\u00a0conservatory\u00a0in\u00a0Portland\u00a0Oregon.\u00a0Before\u00a0An\u00a0left,\u00a0he\u00a0sung\u00a0the\u00a0song\u00a0\u201cLeaving\u00a0my\u00a0Hometown,\u201d\u00a0composed\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0famous\u00a0Korean\u00a0composer\u00a0Hong\u00a0Nan-pa\u00a0(1897\u20131941),\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0record.<\/p>\n<p>Although\u00a0An\u00a0didn\u2019t\u00a0write\u00a0the\u00a0lyrics,\u00a0he\u00a0could\u00a0almost\u00a0certainly\u00a0relate\u00a0to\u00a0them\u00a0since\u00a0he\u00a0was\u00a0leaving\u00a0hometown\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0distant\u00a0land\u00a0a\u00a0second\u00a0time:<\/p>\n<p>I\u00a0parted\u00a0from\u00a0my\u00a0hometown\u00a0and\u00a0came\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0strange\u00a0land,<br \/>\nSitting\u00a0alone\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0quiet\u00a0night\u00a0and\u00a0thinking.<br \/>\nOh,\u00a0who\u00a0can\u00a0comfort\u00a0my\u00a0frustrated\u00a0heart?<\/p>\n<p>As\u00a0I\u00a0left\u00a0my\u00a0hometown,\u00a0my\u00a0mother<br \/>\nHeld\u00a0my\u00a0hands\u00a0in\u00a0hers\u00a0in\u00a0front\u00a0of\u00a0our\u00a0doorstep\u00a0and\u00a0wished\u00a0me\u00a0a\u00a0safe\u00a0journey.<br \/>\nHer\u00a0words,\u00a0ah,\u00a0how\u00a0they\u00a0echo\u00a0in\u00a0my\u00a0ears.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hQH78p5VB8w?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"\ub0b4\uace0\ud5a5\uc744\uc774\ubcc4\ud558\uace0 - \uc548\uae30\uc601\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">1925\u00a0recording\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cLeaving\u00a0My\u00a0Hometown,\u201d\u00a0sung\u00a0by\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>The\u00a0melody\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0song\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0famous\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0song\u00a0called\u00a0\u201cSahyangga\u201d\u00a0(\uc0ac\ud5a5\uac00)\u00a0or\u00a0\u201cNostalgia,\u201d\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0lyrics\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0verse\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cSahyangga\u201d\u00a0are\u00a0nearly\u00a0identical\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0second\u00a0verse\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0earlier\u00a0song.\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0North,\u00a0the\u00a0authorship\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cSahyangga\u201d\u00a0is\u00a0credited\u00a0to\u00a0Kim\u00a0Il-sung\u00a0(\ubc30\uc778\uad50,\u00a02012).\u00a0While\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0leader\u00a0clearly\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0compose\u00a0the\u00a0music,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0possible\u00a0that\u00a0he\u00a0wrote\u00a0the\u00a0lyrics\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0other\u00a0verses\u00a0since\u00a0they\u00a0refer\u00a0to\u00a0his\u00a0personal\u00a0experiences\u00a0leaving\u00a0Korea\u00a0for\u00a0Manchuria.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/194HXewD0h4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"DPRK \uc870\uc120\uac00\uc694 4-01 \uc0ac\ud5a5\uac00\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">A\u00a0contemporary\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0music\u00a0video\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cSahyangga.\u201d<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Once\u00a0An\u00a0returned\u00a0to\u00a0Seoul\u00a0in\u00a01928,\u00a0he\u00a0started\u00a0teaching\u00a0voice\u00a0at\u00a0Ewha\u00a0University\u00a0and\u00a0then\u00a0started\u00a0composing\u00a0music.\u00a0\u00a0One\u00a0of\u00a0his\u00a0first\u00a0songs\u00a0was\u00a0\u201cLonging\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0River\u201d\u00a0(\uadf8\ub9ac\uc6b4\u00a0\uac15\ub0a8),\u00a0and\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0released\u00a0on\u00a0record\u00a0the\u00a0next\u00a0decade\u00a0with\u00a0three\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0famous\u00a0Korean\u00a0vocalists\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0time\u00a0singing\u00a0it.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ynci4gnpE3g?start=106&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"\uadf8\ub9ac\uc6b4 \uac15\ub0a8 \/ Nostalgic Gangnam 1934 \uc724\uac74\uc601 \/ Gun-young Yoon \uc655\uc218\ubcf5 \/Soo-bok Wang \uae40\uc6a9\ud658 \/ Yong-hwan Kim\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">A\u00a01934\u00a0recording\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cLonging\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0River,\u201d\u00a0sung\u00a0by\u00a0Kim\u00a0Yong-hwan,\u00a0Yun\u00a0K<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">\u014f<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">n-hy<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">\u014f<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">ng,\u00a0and\u00a0Wang\u00a0Su-bok<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>In\u00a0addition\u00a0to\u00a0writing\u00a0his\u00a0own\u00a0music,\u00a0An\u00a0was\u00a0one\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0to\u00a0adapt\u00a0Korean\u00a0folksongs\u00a0to\u00a0Western\u00a0music\u00a0notation.\u00a0In\u00a01930,\u00a0he\u00a0arranged\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0female\u00a0student\u00a0chorus\u00a0to\u00a0sing\u00a0them\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0performance\u00a0tour\u00a0throughout\u00a0the\u00a0peninsula.\u00a0\u00a0At\u00a0the\u00a0time,\u00a0An\u00a0received\u00a0a\u00a0sharply\u00a0negative\u00a0response\u00a0from\u00a0some\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0audience,\u00a0mainly\u00a0because\u00a0there\u00a0were\u00a0those\u00a0who\u00a0associated\u00a0folksongs\u00a0with\u00a0kisaeng\u00a0or\u00a0courtesan\u00a0entertainment\u00a0(\uc624\ud76c\uc219,\u00a02004).\u00a0\u00a0An\u00a0was\u00a0undeterred\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0criticism\u00a0and\u00a0responded\u00a0to\u00a0it\u00a0in\u00a0article<br \/>\npublished\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0journal\u00a0Eastern\u00a0Light\u00a0(\ub3d9\uad11)\u00a0by\u00a0stating,\u00a0\u201cEven\u00a0if\u00a0Korean\u00a0folksongs\u00a0have\u00a0gotten<br \/>\ndirty,\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0our\u00a0songs\u00a0and\u00a0we\u00a0must\u00a0make\u00a0them\u00a0better\u201d\u00a0(31\/05).\u00a0\u00a0To\u00a0further\u00a0elucidate\u00a0his\u00a0position,\u00a0he\u00a0compared\u00a0Korean\u00a0minyo\u00a0or\u00a0folksongs\u00a0to\u00a0\u201cpearls\u00a0buried\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0mud\u201d\u00a0(Ahn,\u00a02005).<\/p>\n<p>Following\u00a0liberation,\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0had\u00a0experiences\u00a0that\u00a0were\u00a0very\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u2019s.\u00a0\u00a0He<br \/>\nbecame\u00a0the\u00a0head\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0vocal\u00a0music\u00a0division\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Music\u00a0Construction\u00a0headquarters\u00a0and<br \/>\nthe\u00a0vice-chair\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Musicians\u2019\u00a0Alliance.\u00a0He\u00a0also\u00a0composed\u00a0his\u00a0own\u00a0liberation\u00a0song<br \/>\ncalled\u00a0\u201cSong\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Liberation\u00a0Warriors,\u201d\u00a0which\u00a0like\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u2019s\u00a0compositions\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0same<br \/>\nperiod,\u00a0had\u00a0lyrics\u00a0penned\u00a0by\u00a0Im\u00a0Hwa.<\/p>\n<p>Although\u00a0not\u00a0as\u00a0politically\u00a0active\u00a0as\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam,\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0began\u00a0to\u00a0tread\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0water\u00a0of<br \/>\npolitical\u00a0activity\u00a0when\u00a0he\u00a0wrote\u00a0the\u00a0funeral\u00a0dirge\u00a0for\u00a0his\u00a0former\u00a0mentor\u00a0Yo\u00a0Un-hyung\u00a0following<br \/>\nhis\u00a0assassination\u00a0by\u00a0a\u00a0right-wing\u00a0terrorist.<\/p>\n<p>An\u00a0reached\u00a0a\u00a0state\u00a0of\u00a0post-liberation\u00a0around\u00a0the\u00a0time\u00a0he\u00a0signed\u00a0an\u00a0April\u00a01948\u00a0statement\u00a0along<br \/>\nwith\u00a0over\u00a0100\u00a0cultural\u00a0figures\u00a0rejecting\u00a0Korea\u2019s\u00a0imminent\u00a0division\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0upcoming\u00a0elections\u00a0that\u00a0would\u00a0only\u00a0be\u00a0held\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0(\uc624\ud76c\uc219,\u00a02004).\u00a0He\u00a0was\u00a0eventually\u00a0placed\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0rehabilitation<br \/>\norganization\u00a0to\u00a0purge\u00a0himself\u00a0of\u00a0his\u00a0leftist\u00a0political\u00a0orientation\u00a0(Ahn,\u00a0159\u2013160).<\/p>\n<p>There\u00a0are\u00a0conflicting\u00a0accounts\u00a0about\u00a0how\u00a0An\u00a0ended\u00a0up\u00a0the\u00a0North.\u00a0It\u00a0could\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0voluntarily,\u00a0or\u00a0it\u00a0could\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0forced.\u00a0\u00a0But\u00a0we\u00a0do\u00a0know\u00a0that\u00a0it\u00a0happened\u00a0during\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0few\u00a0months\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War\u00a0after\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0People\u2019s\u00a0Army\u00a0had\u00a0taken\u00a0control\u00a0of\u00a0Seoul.<\/p>\n<p>Once\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North,\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0followed\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u2019s\u00a0path\u00a0of\u00a0rising\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0top\u00a0of\u00a0music-related<br \/>\ninstitutions\u00a0very\u00a0quickly.\u00a0\u00a0But\u00a0unlike\u00a0Kim,\u00a0An\u00a0aligned\u00a0his\u00a0interests\u00a0more\u00a0closely\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0priorities\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Workers\u2019\u00a0Party.\u00a0Throughout\u00a0the\u00a01950s\u00a0and\u00a01960s,\u00a0An\u00a0became\u00a0a\u00a0regular\u00a0contributor\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0journal\u00a0Choson\u00a0umak\u00a0or\u00a0Korean\u00a0Music.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Selected\u00a0articles\u00a0of\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0journal\u00a0<em>Korean\u00a0Music<\/em>\u00a0(\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sept.\u00a01957 \u201cConsidering\u00a0the\u00a0Vocal\u00a0Ranges\u00a0of\u00a0Our\u00a0Songs\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0Perspective\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0Vocalist\u201d<br \/>\nJune\u2013Aug.\u00a01957 \u201cTo\u00a0Heads\u00a0of\u00a0Circles\u00a0Learning\u00a0Vocal\u00a0Music\u201d<br \/>\nSept.\u00a01958 \u201cA\u00a0Happy\u00a0Life\u201d<br \/>\nOct.\u00a01958 \u201cOn\u00a0Voice\u00a0Change\u00a0in\u00a0Vocal\u00a0Music\u201d<br \/>\nFeb.\u00a01960 \u201cA\u00a0Happy\u00a0Life\u00a0under\u00a0the\u00a0Sovereignty\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Republic\u201d<br \/>\nMar.\u00a01965 \u201cThe\u00a0Children\u2019s\u00a0\u2018Doe\u2019\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0Classical\u00a0\u2018Doe\u2019<br \/>\nMar.\u00a01966 \u201cGreater\u00a0Breadth\u00a0and\u00a0More\u00a0Variety\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As\u00a0one\u00a0can\u00a0see\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0titles\u00a0of\u00a0articles\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0above\u00a0table,\u00a0An\u00a0alternated\u00a0from\u00a0praising\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0political\u00a0system\u00a0to\u00a0affecting\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u2019s\u00a0artistic\u00a0and\u00a0institutional\u00a0practices\u00a0of\u00a0vocal\u00a0music\u00a0development.\u00a0Following\u00a0his\u00a0death\u00a0in\u00a01980,\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-y\u014fng\u2019s\u00a0legacy\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0defined\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0as<br \/>\n\u201cspreading\u00a0fundamental\u00a0training\u00a0[practices]\u00a0in\u00a0scientific\u00a0vocalization\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0time\u201d\u00a0and\u00a0\u201cplaying\u00a0an\u00a0important\u00a0part\u00a0in\u00a0developing\u00a0Korean\u00a0music\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0modern\u00a0direction\u201d\u00a0(\uae40\ub4dd\uccad,\u00a02000).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5997\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5997\" style=\"width: 173px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5997\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/\uadf8\ub9bc4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"173\" height=\"241\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5997\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Ki-yong photo in the North (\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545, 60\/02)<br \/>Courtesy of the US Library of Congress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h5><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>When\u00a0considering\u00a0why\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u00a0faced\u00a0persecution\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0while\u00a0An<br \/>\nended\u00a0up\u00a0shaping\u00a0music\u00a0development\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North,\u00a0one\u00a0must\u00a0consider\u00a0political\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0artistic\u00a0factors.<\/p>\n<p>Before\u00a0his\u00a0defection,\u00a0Kim\u00a0was\u00a0allied\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0Korean\u00a0Workers\u2019\u00a0Party\u00a0under\u00a0the\u00a0leadership\u00a0of\u00a0Pak\u00a0Hon-yong\u00a0who\u00a0was\u00a0Kim\u2019s\u00a0primary\u00a0rival\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0latter\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War.\u00a0\u00a0An,\u00a0however,\u00a0was<br \/>\nmore\u00a0connected\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0Laboring\u00a0People\u2019s\u00a0Party\u00a0that\u00a0his\u00a0mentor\u00a0Yo\u00a0Un-hyung\u00a0founded.\u00a0Even<br \/>\nthough\u00a0the\u00a0latter\u00a0was\u00a0a\u00a0more\u00a0centrist\u00a0party\u00a0by\u00a0comparison,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0not\u00a0considered\u00a0a\u00a0threat\u00a0to\u00a0Kim\u00a0Il-sung\u2019s\u00a0rule\u00a0since\u00a0Yo\u00a0had\u00a0been\u00a0assassinated.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore,\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u2019s\u00a0artistic\u00a0aims\u00a0aligned\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0leadership\u2019s\u00a0priorities\u00a0more<br \/>\nthan\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u2019s\u00a0did.\u00a0\u00a0Before\u00a0and\u00a0after\u00a0liberation,\u00a0An\u00a0was\u00a0interested\u00a0in\u00a0refining\u00a0vocal\u00a0technique<br \/>\nas\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0adapting\u00a0folksongs\u00a0to\u00a0Western-style\u00a0music.\u00a0Kim,\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0other\u00a0hand,\u00a0was\u00a0more\u00a0interested<br \/>\nin\u00a0compositional\u00a0mastery\u00a0and\u00a0self-expression\u00a0through\u00a0music,\u00a0which\u00a0clashed\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean<br \/>\ngovernment\u2019s\u00a0agenda\u00a0to\u00a0create\u00a0simple\u00a0songs\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0masses\u00a0to\u00a0enjoy\u00a0and\u00a0be\u00a0persuaded\u00a0with<\/p>\n<p>As\u00a0South\u00a0Koreans\u00a0are\u00a0continuing\u00a0to\u00a0discover\u00a0and\u00a0appreciate\u00a0Kim\u00a0Sun-nam\u2019s\u00a0work,\u00a0the\u00a0previously<br \/>\nmentioned\u00a0piece\u00a0that\u00a0An\u00a0Ki-yong\u00a0composed\u00a0during\u00a0the\u00a0Japanese\u00a0colonial\u00a0period,\u00a0\u201cLonging\u00a0for\u00a0the<br \/>\nSouth\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0River\u201d\u00a0has\u00a0survived\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0South.\u00a0Emblematic\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0sin\u00a0minyo\u00a0or\u00a0\u201cnew\u00a0folksong\u201d\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0era,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0literally\u00a0about\u00a0looking\u00a0over\u00a0the\u00a0Yangtze\u00a0River\u00a0in\u00a0China,\u00a0yet\u00a0contains\u00a0a\u00a0hidden\u00a0message\u00a0about\u00a0Korean\u00a0independence.\u00a0The\u00a0place\u00a0identified\u00a0as\u00a0\u201csouth\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0river\u201d\u00a0was\u00a0largely\u00a0understood\u00a0to\u00a0refer\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0area\u00a0South\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Yalu\u00a0River\u00a0from\u00a0Northeast\u00a0China\u00a0i.e.,\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0peninsula\u00a0for\u00a0those\u00a0who\u00a0were\u00a0political\u00a0and\u00a0economic\u00a0refugees\u00a0in\u00a0China.<\/p>\n<p>Although\u00a0tensions\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0two\u00a0Koreas\u00a0remain\u00a0high,\u00a0the\u00a0song\u2019s\u00a0pre-division\u00a0yearnings\u00a0for\u00a0a<br \/>\nfully\u00a0liberated\u00a0nation\u00a0could\u00a0be\u00a0rekindled\u00a0for\u00a0reconciliation\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0future.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pXRypHEu1Us?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"\ub3c4\uc724 - \uadf8\ub9ac\uc6b4 \uac15\ub0a8 [\uac00\uc694\ubb34\ub300\/Music Stage] | KBS 220110 \ubc29\uc1a1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">A\u00a0South\u00a0Korean\u00a0performance\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cLonging\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0River\u201d<\/span><\/h6>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/T_JJN-FAeg8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen title=\"\uadf8\ub9ac\uc6b4 \uac15\ub0a8\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"en-US\">A\u00a0South\u00a0Korean\u00a0video\u00a0of\u00a0\u201cLonging\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0South\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0River\u201d<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong>About the author<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>Peter\u00a0Moody<\/strong>(pgm2116@columbia.edu)\u00a0is<br \/>\na\u00a0Visiting\u00a0Scholar\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0Seoul\u00a0National\u00a0University\u00a0Asia\u00a0Center\u00a0(SNUAC)\u00a0and\u00a0PhD\u00a0Candidate\u00a0at\u00a0Columbia\u00a0University.\u00a0Before\u00a0that,\u00a0Peter\u00a0was\u00a0an\u00a0Adjunct\u00a0Professor\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0University\u00a0of\u00a0Maryland\u00a0at\u00a0Baltimore\u00a0County\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0Visiting\u00a0Research\u00a0Fellow\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0Institute\u00a0for\u00a0Far\u00a0Eastern\u00a0Studies,\u00a0Kyungnam\u00a0University.\u00a0Peter\u00a0obtained\u00a0a\u00a0MPhil\u00a0in\u00a0East\u00a0Asian\u00a0Languages\u00a0and\u00a0Cultures\u00a0from\u00a0Columbia\u00a0University\u00a0in\u00a02019\u00a0and\u00a0an\u00a0MA\u00a0in\u00a0East\u00a0Asian\u00a0Studies\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0University\u00a0of\u00a0Virginia\u00a0in\u00a02012.\u00a0He\u00a0has\u00a0received\u00a0a\u00a0Fulbright\u00a0award\u00a0for\u00a0his\u00a0research\u00a0on\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0music,\u00a0and\u00a0his\u00a0findings\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0published\u00a0in\u00a0several\u00a0journal\u00a0articles\u00a0and\u00a0an\u00a0edited\u00a0volume.\u00a0Peter\u00a0has\u00a0presented\u00a0his\u00a0research\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0guest\u00a0lecturer\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0institutions\u00a0and\u00a0has\u00a0also\u00a0participated\u00a0in\u00a0academic\u00a0conferences\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0fields\u00a0of\u00a0Korean\u00a0Studies,\u00a0East\u00a0Asian\u00a0Studies,\u00a0and\u00a0ethnomusicology.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\uae40\ub4dd\uccad.\u00a02000.\u00a0\u201c\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545\uc758\u00a0\ud604\ub300\uc801\ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0\u00a0\uacf5\ud5cc\ud55c\u00a0\uc74c\uc545\uac00\u00a0-\uc548\uae30\uc601\uc120\uc0dd\uc758\u00a0\uc0dd\uc77c\u00a0100\ub3d0\uc5d0\u00a0\uc988\uc74c\ud558\uc5ec.\u201d\u00a0\uc74c\uc545\uc138\uacc4,\u00a030\ud638,\u00a095\u2013100.<\/li>\n<li>\ub178\ub3d9\uc740.\u00a01988.\u00a0\u201c\ubbfc\uc871\uc8fc\uc758\u00a0\uc74c\uc545\u00a0\ucc3d\ucd9c,\u00a0\uc591\ub300\u00a0\uc0b0\ub9e5\u00a0\uc774\ub8e9.\u201d\u00a0(11\uc6d46\uc77c).\u00a0https:\/\/www.arko.or.kr\/zine\/artspaper88_11\/19881106.htm<\/li>\n<li>\ub178\ub3d9\uc740.\u00a02017.\u00a0\u300e\uc778\ubb3c\ub85c\u00a0\ubcf8\u00a0\ud55c\uad6d\uadfc\ud604\ub300\uc74c\uc545\uc0ac\u300f.\u00a0\uc11c\uc6b8:\u00a0\ubbfc\uc18d\uc6d0.<\/li>\n<li>\ubc30\uc778\uad50.\u00a02012.\u00a0\u201c\ubd88\ud6c4\uc758\u00a0\uace0\uc804\uc801\uba85\uc791\u00a0\uac00\uc694\uc758\u00a0\uc74c\uc545\uc801\u00a0\uc9c0\ud5a5.\u201d\u00a0\ubd81\ud55c\uc5f0\uad6c\ud559\ud68c,\u00a06\uad8c\u00a02\ud638,\u00a0199\u2013228.<\/li>\n<li>\uc624\ud76c\uc219.\u00a02004.\u00a0\u201c\uc548\uae30\uc601.\u201d\u00a0\uc74c\uc545\uacfc\u00a0\ubbfc\uc871,\u00a028\ud638,\u00a066\u201399.<\/li>\n<li>\uc9c4\ud68c\uc219.\u00a02013.\u00a0\u300e\uc608\uc220\uc5d0\u00a0\uc0b4\uace0\u00a0\uc608\uc220\uc5d0\u00a0\uc8fd\ub2e4\u300f.\u00a0\uc11c\uc6b8:\u00a0\uccad\uc544\ucd9c\ud310\uc0ac.<\/li>\n<li>\u300e\ud574\ubc29\ud6c4\u00a0\uc870\uc120\uc74c\uc545\u300f.\u00a01956.\u00a0\ud3c9\uc591:\u00a0\uc870\uc120\uc791\uace1\uac00\ub3d9\ub9f9\uc911\uc559\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c.<\/li>\n<li>Ahn,\u00a0Choong-sik.\u00a02005.\u00a0<em>The\u00a0Story\u00a0of\u00a0Western\u00a0Music\u00a0in\u00a0Korea:\u00a0A\u00a0Social\u00a0History,\u00a01886\u20131950<\/em>.\u00a0Morgan\u00a0Hill,\u00a0CA:\u00a0eBookstand\u00a0Books.<\/li>\n<li>Howard,\u00a0Keith.\u00a02020.\u00a0<em>Songs\u00a0for\u00a0&#8220;Great\u00a0Leaders&#8221;:\u00a0Ideology\u00a0and\u00a0Creativity\u00a0in\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0Music<br \/>\nand\u00a0Dance<\/em>.\u00a0New\u00a0York:\u00a0Oxford\u00a0University\u00a0Press.<\/li>\n<li>Hughes,\u00a0Theodore.\u00a02012.\u00a0\u201cVisible\u00a0and\u00a0Invisible\u00a0States:\u00a0Liberation,\u00a0Occupation,\u00a0Division.\u201d\u00a0in<br \/>\nTheodore\u00a0Hughes.\u00a0<em>Literature\u00a0and\u00a0Film\u00a0in\u00a0Cold\u00a0War\u00a0South\u00a0Korea:\u00a0Freedom&#8217;s\u00a0Frontier<\/em>.\u00a0New\u00a0York:<br \/>\nColumbia\u00a0University\u00a0Press.<\/li>\n<li>KBS.\u00a01991.\u00a0\u201c\uc6d4\ubd81\uc791\uace1\uac00\u00a0\uae40\uc21c\ub0a8\u00a0\uc545\ubcf4\u00a0\ubc1c\uacac\u00a0(12\uc6d47\uc77c).\u00a0https:\/\/news.kbs.co.kr\/news\/view.do?ncd=3710503<\/li>\n<li>Park,\u00a0Hye-jung.\u00a02021.\u00a0\u201cMusical\u00a0Entanglements:\u00a0Ely\u00a0Haimowitz\u00a0and\u00a0Orchestral\u00a0Music\u00a0under\u00a0the\u00a0US\u00a0Army<br \/>\nMilitary\u00a0Government\u00a0in\u00a0Korea,\u00a01945\u20131948.\u201d\u00a0<em>Journal\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Society\u00a0for\u00a0American\u00a0Music<\/em>,\u00a015,\u00a0no.\u00a01,\u00a01\u201329.<\/li>\n<li>Szalontai,\u00a0Bal\u00e1zs.\u00a02005.\u00a0<em>Kim\u00a0Il\u00a0Sung\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Khrushchev\u00a0Era:\u00a0Soviet-DPRK\u00a0Relations\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0Roots\u00a0of\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0Despotism,\u00a01953\u20131964<\/em>.\u00a0Washington:\u00a0Woodrow\u00a0Wilson\u00a0Center\u00a0Press.<\/li>\n<li>Zur,\u00a0Dafna.\u00a02017.\u00a0\u201cLiberating\u00a0the\u00a0Child-Heart.\u201d\u00a0in\u00a0<em>Figuring\u00a0Korean\u00a0Futures:\u00a0Children\u2019s\u00a0Literature\u00a0in\u00a0Modern\u00a0Korea<\/em>.\u00a0Stanford:<br \/>\nStanford\u00a0University\u00a0Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the early-1980s, historians and literary scholars of modern Korea have engaged with the concept of \u201cliberation space\u201d to explore the active contestation over what liberation meant in the context of the US and Soviet military occupations following the 15th of August 1945, Japanese surrender. While the liberation space discourse has served to disrupt state-centric narratives and highlight the spontaneous organizational and artistic activity that did take place, it has only gone so far in accounting for the constraints that cultural figures, particularly musicians, were increasingly up against as the second half the 1940s proceeded. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5996,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[477],"tags":[867,866,865,863,864],"class_list":["post-5990","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-477","tag-an-ki-yong","tag-kim-sun-nam","tag-liberation-space","tag-north-korean-music","tag-post-liberation"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5990","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5990"}],"version-history":[{"count":76,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5990\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6133,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5990\/revisions\/6133"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5996"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5990"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5990"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5990"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}