{"id":5843,"date":"2022-09-19T11:11:36","date_gmt":"2022-09-19T02:11:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5843"},"modified":"2022-09-22T10:20:01","modified_gmt":"2022-09-22T01:20:01","slug":"unintended-approach-to-urban-sustainability-the-case-of-greenery-in-pyongyang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5843","title":{"rendered":"Unintended Approach to Urban Sustainability : The Case of Greenery in Pyongyang"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pavel P. Em(SNUAC)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Why\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0approach\u00a0to\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability\u00a0unintended\u00a0and\u00a0deserving\u00a0of\u00a0attention?<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The\u00a0idea\u00a0of\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability,\u00a0considered\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0an\u00a0attempt\u00a0to\u00a0balance\u00a0economics\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0environment,\u00a0emerged\u00a0not\u00a0long\u00a0ago.\u00a0Although\u00a0this\u00a0topic\u00a0is\u00a0widely\u00a0discussed,\u00a0generally,\u00a0only\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0developed\u00a0countries\u00a0take\u00a0serious\u00a0steps\u00a0to\u00a0pursue\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0required\u00a0massive\u00a0investment.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0contrast,\u00a0North\u00a0Korea\u00a0is\u00a0usually\u00a0considered\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0one\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0underdeveloped\u00a0countries\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0world,\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0common\u00a0understanding\u00a0is\u00a0that\u00a0this\u00a0fact\u00a0limits\u00a0the\u00a0country\u2019s\u00a0implementation\u00a0of\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability\u00a0practices.\u00a0However,\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0harsh\u00a0economic\u00a0sanctions\u00a0implemented\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0UN\u00a0Security\u00a0Council\u00a0and\u00a0other\u00a0particular\u00a0countries,\u00a0North\u00a0Korea\u00a0has\u00a0had\u00a0no\u00a0alternative\u00a0but\u00a0to\u00a0develop\u00a0its\u00a0urban\u00a0centers\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0sustainable\u00a0manner\u00a0to\u00a0survive\u00a0under\u00a0conditions\u00a0of\u00a0almost\u00a0complete\u00a0economic\u00a0isolation\u00a0and\u00a0significant\u00a0shortages\u00a0of\u00a0vital\u00a0resources.\u00a0Moreover,\u00a0since\u00a0the\u00a0socialist\u00a0bloc\u00a0contributed\u00a0significantly\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0reconstruction\u00a0of\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0cities\u00a0after\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War,\u00a0they\u00a0inherited\u00a0urban\u00a0features\u00a0that\u00a0may\u00a0potentially\u00a0increase\u00a0their\u00a0level\u00a0of\u00a0sustainability.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The\u00a0Green\u00a0City\u00a0of\u00a0Pyongyang<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Arch\u00a0of\u00a0Triumph\u00a0in\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0with\u00a0greenery.<\/strong>
(\u00a9\u00a0wikipedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The\u00a0abundance\u00a0of\u00a0greenery\u00a0was\u00a0one\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0positive\u00a0legacies\u00a0of\u00a0socialist\u00a0cities\u00a0(Hirt,\u00a02013).\u00a0However,\u00a0a\u00a0reactivation\u00a0of\u00a0marketization,\u00a0followed\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0fall\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Berlin\u00a0Wall,\u00a0consequently\u00a0initiated\u00a0a\u00a0dramatic\u00a0transformation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0cities\u00a0located\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0countries\u00a0of\u00a0Central\u00a0and\u00a0Eastern\u00a0Europe.\u00a0To\u00a0turn\u00a0a\u00a0profit\u00a0as\u00a0land\u00a0and\u00a0property\u00a0markets\u00a0re-emerged,\u00a0developing\u00a0companies\u00a0endeavored\u00a0to\u00a0occupy\u00a0as\u00a0much\u00a0urban\u00a0green\u00a0space\u00a0as\u00a0possible\u00a0with\u00a0new\u00a0housing,\u00a0parking\u00a0facilities,\u00a0and\u00a0other\u00a0infrastructure\u00a0(Badiu\u00a0et\u00a0al,\u00a02019).<\/p>\n

Capitalist\u00a0cities,\u00a0or\u00a0at\u00a0least\u00a0their\u00a0residents,\u00a0want\u00a0to\u00a0enlarge\u00a0green\u00a0areas\u00a0in\u00a0every\u00a0way\u00a0possible\u00a0as\u00a0they\u00a0deem\u00a0this\u00a0step\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0beneficial\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0more\u00a0balanced\u00a0urban\u00a0environment,\u00a0and\u00a0therefore\u00a0as\u00a0an\u00a0improvement\u00a0in\u00a0quality\u00a0of\u00a0life.\u00a0However,\u00a0market\u00a0mechanisms\u00a0have\u00a0made\u00a0the\u00a0emergence\u00a0of\u00a0new\u00a0green\u00a0areas\u00a0an\u00a0extremely\u00a0difficult\u00a0task,\u00a0the\u00a0main\u00a0reason\u00a0of\u00a0which\u00a0being\u00a0enormously\u00a0high\u00a0land\u00a0prices.\u00a0Therefore,\u00a0vegetation\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0roofs\u00a0and\u00a0walls\u00a0of\u00a0buildings,\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0indoor\u00a0gardens,\u00a0became\u00a0widespread\u00a0(Manso\u00a0&\u00a0Castro-Gomes,\u00a02016),\u00a0and\u00a0buildings\u00a0with\u00a0these\u00a0features\u00a0have\u00a0become\u00a0more\u00a0preferable\u00a0than\u00a0those\u00a0without\u00a0(White\u00a0&\u00a0Gatersleben,\u00a02011).\u00a0Such\u00a0market\u00a0factors\u00a0make\u00a0these\u00a0green\u00a0injections\u00a0an\u00a0important\u00a0characteristic\u00a0of\u00a0modern\u00a0architectural\u00a0style\u00a0for\u00a0both\u00a0private\u00a0and\u00a0public\u00a0buildings\u00a0(Hopkins\u00a0&\u00a0Goodwin,\u00a02011).\u00a0Therefore,\u00a0this\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a0intriguing\u00a0paradox,\u00a0as\u00a0it\u00a0seems\u00a0that\u00a0capitalist\u00a0cities\u00a0have\u00a0begun\u00a0to\u00a0follow\u00a0one\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0common\u00a0features\u00a0of\u00a0socialist\u00a0cities\u00a0some\u00a0decades\u00a0after\u00a0the\u00a0fall\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Berlin\u00a0Wall.<\/p>\n

What\u00a0about\u00a0Pyongyang?\u00a0Yim\u00a0(2016)\u00a0logically\u00a0argued\u00a0that\u00a0in\u00a0Pyongyang,\u00a0urban\u00a0fabric\u00a0is\u00a0organically\u00a0integrated\u00a0into\u00a0green\u00a0areas,\u00a0rather\u00a0than\u00a0the\u00a0other\u00a0way\u00a0around,\u00a0as\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0majority\u00a0of\u00a0cities\u00a0around\u00a0the\u00a0globe.\u00a0It\u00a0was\u00a0expected\u00a0that\u00a0marketization\u00a0would\u00a0lead\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0decrease\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0share\u00a0of\u00a0vegetation\u00a0area\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0urban\u00a0centers\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0after\u00a0the\u00a0Arduous\u00a0March.\u00a0Although\u00a0new\u00a0ambitious\u00a0development\u00a0projects\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0Miraeg\u00a0Scientists\u00a0and\u00a0Ryomyong\u00a0Streets\u00a0were\u00a0completed\u00a0under\u00a0moderate\u00a0governmental\u00a0control\u00a0in\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a02010s,\u00a0this\u00a0condition\u00a0directly\u00a0impacted\u00a0only\u00a0shrinkage\u00a0of\u00a0green\u00a0areas\u00a0from\u00a023.5%\u00a0in\u00a02000\u00a0to\u00a020.6%\u00a0in\u00a02020\u00a0(Zhang\u00a0et\u00a0al,\u00a02019).\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0not\u00a0clear\u00a0whether\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0government\u00a0has\u00a0somewhat\u00a0lost\u00a0control\u00a0over\u00a0the\u00a0city\u2019s\u00a0land\u00a0structure\u00a0or\u00a0whether\u00a0it\u00a0supports\u00a0the\u00a0reduction\u00a0of\u00a0urban\u00a0green\u00a0areas,\u00a0or\u00a0perhaps\u00a0both.\u00a0However,\u00a0it\u00a0seems\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0authorities\u00a0are\u00a0making\u00a0efforts\u00a0to\u00a0balance\u00a0this\u00a0reduction\u00a0in\u00a0green\u00a0area\u00a0through\u00a0the\u00a0employment\u00a0of\u00a0alternative\u00a0mechanisms.\u00a0For\u00a0example,\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0has\u00a0seen\u00a0a\u00a0growth\u00a0in\u00a0its\u00a0cultivated\u00a0area\u00a0from\u00a062.5%\u00a0to\u00a066.2%,\u00a0which\u00a0counteracts\u00a0the\u00a0overall\u00a0decrease\u00a0of\u00a0green\u00a0space.\u00a0This\u00a0leads\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0logical\u00a0question\u00a0of\u00a0why\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0authorities\u00a0make\u00a0such\u00a0efforts.\u00a0Therefore,\u00a0even\u00a0though\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0emulates\u00a0the\u00a0post-socialist\u00a0cities\u00a0of\u00a0Europe\u00a0in\u00a0many\u00a0development\u00a0directions\u00a0(Em\u00a0&\u00a0Ward,\u00a02021),\u00a0its\u00a0green\u00a0areas\u00a0have\u00a0not\u00a0shrunk\u00a0significantly.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rural\u00a0incorporation\u00a0into\u00a0urban\u00a0Pyongyang<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Urban\u00a0and\u00a0rural\u00a0are\u00a0presumed\u00a0to\u00a0have\u00a0a\u00a0dichotomous\u00a0relationship,\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0city\u00a0is\u00a0generally\u00a0considered\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0something\u00a0exclusively\u00a0urban.\u00a0However,\u00a013.3%\u00a0of\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0residents\u00a0lived\u00a0in\u00a0rural\u00a0areas\u00a0according\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0last\u00a0population\u00a0census\u00a0(CBS,\u00a02009).\u00a0The\u00a0rural-urban\u00a0symbiosis\u00a0is\u00a0crucial\u00a0for\u00a0North\u00a0Korea,\u00a0which\u00a0is\u00a0attempting\u00a0to\u00a0balance\u00a0commodity\u00a0self-reliance.\u00a0However,\u00a0there\u00a0looms\u00a0the\u00a0risk\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0possible\u00a0insufficient\u00a0food\u00a0harvest,\u00a0especially\u00a0considering\u00a0the\u00a0country\u2019s\u00a0climate:\u00a0frequent\u00a0summer\u00a0typhoons\u00a0and\u00a0harsh\u00a0winters,\u00a0which\u00a0is\u00a0less\u00a0than\u00a0ideal\u00a0for\u00a0agriculture.\u00a0For\u00a0instance,\u00a0a\u00a0series\u00a0of\u00a0natural\u00a0disasters\u00a0along\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0reduction\u00a0in\u00a0economic\u00a0aid\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0former\u00a0socialist\u00a0bloc\u00a0led\u00a0to\u00a0terrible\u00a0famine\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0mid-1990s.<\/p>\n

North\u00a0Korean\u00a0urban\u00a0dwellers\u00a0practice\u00a0activities\u00a0which\u00a0are\u00a0not\u00a0usually\u00a0thought\u00a0of\u00a0as\u00a0being\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0urban\u00a0lifestyle.\u00a0For\u00a0example,\u00a0according\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0census,\u00a045.5%\u00a0of\u00a0them\u00a0were\u00a0involved\u00a0in\u00a0horticulture\u00a0and\u00a037%\u00a0practiced\u00a0cattle\u00a0and\/or\u00a0poultry\u00a0breeding.\u00a0This\u00a0is\u00a0possible\u00a0because\u00a017.2%\u00a0and\u00a049.5%\u00a0of\u00a0them\u00a0resided\u00a0in\u00a0detached\u00a0and\u00a0row\u00a0houses,\u00a0respectively\u00a0(CBS,\u00a02009).\u00a0Moreover,\u00a0to\u00a0maintain\u00a0personal\u00a0food\u00a0security,\u00a0many\u00a0households\u00a0have\u00a0used\u00a0balconies,\u00a0window\u00a0stills,\u00a0and\u00a0window\u00a0frames\u00a0for\u00a0growing,\u00a0storing,\u00a0and\u00a0drying\u00a0vegetables\u00a0(Em,\u00a02018).\u00a0Although\u00a0this\u00a0practice\u00a0was\u00a0not\u00a0able\u00a0to\u00a0fulfill\u00a0citizens\u2019\u00a0nutrient\u00a0requirements\u00a0completely,\u00a0it\u00a0played\u00a0a\u00a0crucial\u00a0role\u00a0during\u00a0certain\u00a0periods\u00a0as\u00a0an\u00a0additional\u00a0source\u00a0of\u00a0sustenance.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0contrast\u00a0with\u00a0former\u00a0socialist\u00a0cities\u00a0(Nedovi\u0107-Budi\u0107\u00a0et\u00a0al,\u00a02006),\u00a0North\u00a0Korea\u00a0took\u00a0real\u00a0steps\u00a0to\u00a0demolish\u00a0the\u00a0disparities\u00a0between\u00a0urban\u00a0and\u00a0rural\u00a0areas\u00a0through\u00a0incorporating\u00a0rural\u00a0zones\u00a0into\u00a0cities.\u00a0For\u00a0instance,\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0integrated\u00a0two\u00a0massive\u00a0counties\u00a0and\u00a0many\u00a0villages\u00a0into\u00a0its\u00a0urban\u00a0structure.\u00a0As\u00a0a\u00a0result,\u00a0Pyongyang\u2019s\u00a0Kangdon-kun\u00a0and\u00a0Kangnam-kun,\u00a0two\u00a0counties\u00a0absorbed\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0city,\u00a0are\u00a0not\u00a0only\u00a0the\u00a0main\u00a0areas\u00a0of\u00a0rice\u00a0and\u00a0goat\u00a0meat\u00a0production\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0capital\u00a0region,\u00a0but\u00a0also\u00a0famous\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0location\u00a0of\u00a0significant\u00a0mines\u00a0and\u00a0hydroelectric\u00a0power\u00a0stations\u00a0(Dormels,\u00a02014).\u00a0Even\u00a0though\u00a0the\u00a0living\u00a0conditions\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0residents\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0wards\u00a0are\u00a0inferior\u00a0to\u00a0those\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0central\u00a0districts\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0capital,\u00a0they\u00a0still\u00a0may\u00a0enjoy\u00a0many\u00a0privileges\u00a0not\u00a0afforded\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0residents\u00a0of\u00a0other\u00a0regions.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0combination\u00a0of\u00a0rural\u00a0and\u00a0urban\u00a0administrative\u00a0elements\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0has\u00a0increased\u00a0the\u00a0level\u00a0of\u00a0local\u00a0food\u00a0security\u00a0and\u00a0availability,\u00a0as\u00a0well\u00a0as\u00a0minimized\u00a0both\u00a0the\u00a0logistical\u00a0expenditures\u00a0for\u00a0food\u00a0delivery\u00a0and\u00a0volume\u00a0of\u00a0food\u00a0waste.\u00a0Paradoxically,\u00a0capitalist\u00a0cities\u00a0are\u00a0also\u00a0currently\u00a0pursuing\u00a0a\u00a0similar\u00a0orientation\u00a0to\u00a0achieve\u00a0an\u00a0ecologically\u00a0friendlier\u00a0environment.<\/p>\n

On\u00a0the\u00a0other\u00a0hand,\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0is\u00a0interested\u00a0in\u00a0improving\u00a0its\u00a0crop\u00a0yields,\u00a0which\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0achieved\u00a0through\u00a0the\u00a0employment\u00a0of\u00a0modern\u00a0green\u00a0technologies\u00a0in\u00a0local\u00a0agriculture.\u00a0However,\u00a0since\u00a0the\u00a0import\u00a0of\u00a0such\u00a0technologies\u00a0is\u00a0restricted\u00a0by\u00a0sanctions,\u00a0farmers\u00a0often\u00a0still\u00a0must\u00a0rely\u00a0on\u00a0animal\u00a0draft\u00a0power\u00a0and\u00a0limit\u00a0the\u00a0amount\u00a0of\u00a0basic\u00a0chemical\u00a0fertilizers\u00a0they\u00a0use.\u00a0This\u00a0limitation\u00a0surprisingly\u00a0gives\u00a0the\u00a0DPRK\u00a0an\u00a0advantage\u00a0in\u00a0that\u00a0it\u00a0mostly\u00a0produces\u00a0organic\u00a0food.\u00a0Paradoxically,\u00a0a\u00a0growing\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0consumers\u00a0around\u00a0globe\u00a0have\u00a0come\u00a0to\u00a0prefer\u00a0this\u00a0type\u00a0food\u00a0despite\u00a0its\u00a0expensiveness\u00a0in\u00a0comparison\u00a0with\u00a0conventionally\u00a0produced\u00a0products\u00a0(Brants\u00e6ter\u00a0et\u00a0al,\u00a02017).\u00a0Therefore,\u00a0it\u00a0seems\u00a0that\u00a0both\u00a0the\u00a0residential\u00a0districts\u00a0of\u00a0North\u00a0Korea,\u00a0which\u00a0produce\u00a0mostly\u00a0organic\u00a0food,\u00a0and\u00a0those\u00a0of\u00a0other\u00a0countries,\u00a0which\u00a0generally\u00a0produce\u00a0more\u00a0conventional\u00a0products,\u00a0\u00a0desire\u00a0the\u00a0opposite\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0type\u00a0of\u00a0food\u00a0that\u00a0they\u00a0currently\u00a0have.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Can\u00a0Pyonyang\u00a0case\u00a0contribute\u00a0to\u00a0debates\u00a0on\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability?<\/strong><\/h5>\n

These\u00a0two\u00a0cases\u00a0from\u00a0North\u00a0Korea\u00a0—\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0attempts\u00a0to\u00a0retain\u00a0green\u00a0areas\u00a0within\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0incorporation\u00a0of\u00a0rural\u00a0areas\u00a0into\u00a0the\u00a0city–\u00a0clearly\u00a0demonstrate\u00a0that\u00a0our\u00a0understanding\u00a0of\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability\u00a0is\u00a0seriously\u00a0limited.\u00a0How\u00a0was\u00a0this\u00a0country\u00a0capable\u00a0of\u00a0designing\u00a0such\u00a0approaches\u00a0to\u00a0urban\u00a0sustainability\u00a0which\u00a0brought\u00a0about\u00a0effective\u00a0urban\u00a0policy?\u00a0This\u00a0question\u00a0is\u00a0intriguing.\u00a0More\u00a0detailed\u00a0research\u00a0on\u00a0how\u00a0North\u00a0Korean\u00a0cities\u00a0maintain\u00a0sustainable\u00a0development\u00a0is\u00a0indeed\u00a0needed\u00a0to\u00a0make\u00a0our\u00a0cities\u00a0better\u00a0and\u00a0more\u00a0balanced.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

About the author<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Pavel\u00a0P.\u00a0Em<\/strong>(dr.pavelem@gmail.com)\u00a0is
\na\u00a0Visiting\u00a0Scholar\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0Seoul\u00a0National\u00a0University\u00a0Asia\u00a0Center\u00a0(SNUAC).\u00a0Before\u00a0that\u00a0Pavel\u00a0was\u00a0a\u00a0Visiting\u00a0Research\u00a0Fellow\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0Institute\u00a0for\u00a0Far\u00a0Eastern\u00a0Studies,\u00a0Kyungnam\u00a0University.\u00a0Pavel\u00a0obtained\u00a0a\u00a0Ph.D.\u00a0degree\u00a0in\u00a0Urban\u00a0Geography\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0Moscow\u00a0State\u00a0University\u00a0in\u00a02013.\u00a0He\u00a0took\u00a0post-doctoral\u00a0programs\u00a0at\u00a0l\u2019\u00c9cole\u00a0des\u00a0hautes\u00a0\u00e9tudes\u00a0en\u00a0sciences\u00a0sociales\u00a0(EHESS)\u00a0in\u00a0Paris\u00a0(2017-2018)\u00a0and\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0Leiden\u00a0University\u00a0(2018-2019),\u00a0each\u00a0lasting\u00a0one\u00a0year.\u00a0The\u00a0results\u00a0of\u00a0his\u00a0work\u00a0are\u00a0published\u00a0in\u00a0many\u00a0journal\u00a0articles\u00a0and\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0book.\u00a0Pavel\u00a0has\u00a0presented\u00a0findings\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0guest\u00a0speaker\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0institutions\u00a0,\u00a0and\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0speaker\u00a0at\u00a0many\u00a0conferences\u00a0both\u00a0in\u00a0Korean\u00a0studies\u00a0and\u00a0geography.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  • Zhang,\u00a0Q.,\u00a0Zhang,\u00a0P.,\u00a0Wang,\u00a0D.\u00a02019.\u00a0\u201cLand\u00a0use\u00a0evolution\u00a0and\u00a0simulation\u00a0prediction\u00a0of\u00a0Pyongyang\u00a0municipality\u00a0in\u00a0North\u00a0Korea\u00a0from\u00a02000\u00a0to\u00a02020.\u201d\u00a0IOP\u00a0Conference\u00a0Series:\u00a0Earth\u00a0and\u00a0Environmental\u00a0Science\u00a0291,\u00a01-8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The DPRK is usually considered to be an underdeveloped country. However, through examination of greenery and urban-rural incorporation, this paper argues that harsh economic conditions pushed the country to implement mature policy measures regarding sustainable urban development. The findings of this study may be used as a starting point for further, more detailed research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5844,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[477],"tags":[842,157,843],"class_list":["post-5843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-477","tag-city","tag-north-korea","tag-urban-greenery"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5843"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5843\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5947,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5843\/revisions\/5947"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}