{"id":5517,"date":"2021-12-28T10:37:12","date_gmt":"2021-12-28T01:37:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5517"},"modified":"2021-12-28T11:05:09","modified_gmt":"2021-12-28T02:05:09","slug":"%eb%82%a8%ec%95%84%ec%8b%9c%ec%95%84-%ec%a0%95%ec%b9%98%ec%a7%80%ed%98%95-%ec%86%8d-%ea%b5%b0%eb%b6%80-%ec%9d%bd%ec%96%b4%eb%82%b4%ea%b8%b0-%ec%9d%b8%eb%8f%84%c2%b7%ed%8c%8c%ed%82%a4%ec%8a%a4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5517","title":{"rendered":"\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ud615 \uc18d \uad70\ubd80 \uc77d\uc5b4\ub0b4\uae30: \uc778\ub3c4\u00b7\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\u00b7\ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 3\uad6d\uc758 \uad6d\ubbfc\uad6d\uac00 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uae30\uc640 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubbf8\ub798"},"content":{"rendered":"

\uac15\uc131\uc6a9<\/strong> (\uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50)<\/p>\n

\ud558\ub098\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810<\/b>: <\/b>\uc601\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd<\/b><\/h5>\n

\uc694\uc998 \u201c\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\u201d\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\ub85c \uc9c0\uce6d\ub418\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 1947\ub144 \uc601\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \uc778\ub3c4\ub85c \ubd84\ud560\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \ubd84\ud560 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ub3d9\u00b7\uc11c\ub85c \ub098\ub258\uc5b4 \uc788\ub358 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uac00 1971\ub144 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774 \uac19\uace0, \uac19\uc740 \ubfcc\ub9ac\uc758 \ub300\uc601\uc81c\uad6d \uad70\ub300\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \uc774\uc5b4\ubc1b\uc740 \ubaa8\ubcd1\uc81c \uae30\ubc18 \uc804\ubb38\uc9c1 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c \uad70 \uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uac01 \ub098\ub77c\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uad70\uc774 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \ube44\uc911 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc774 \ud06c\uac8c \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \uc774 \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud604\uc7ac \ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uac01\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\uc774 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud615\uc131(nation building)\uc758 \uacfc\uc81c\ub97c \uc548\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc138 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01\uac01 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud574 \uc654\ub294\uc9c0 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uace0 \uadf8 \ubbf8\ub798\ub97c \ud5a5\ud55c \ud568\ucd95\uc744 \uc77d\uc5b4 \ubcf4\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uad70\ubd80\ud1b5\uce58\ub97c \uacbd\ud5d8\ud55c \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \ub4dc\ubb38 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\uace0, \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub294 \ud604\uc7ac \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \ubbfc\uc815\uccb4\uc81c \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc9c0\ubd84\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\ub294 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub418\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub530\uc838\ubcf4\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\uc790.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uac01 \uc8fc\ub4e4 \uac04\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\uc120\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ub208 \uc120\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uacf5\ud1b5\uc758 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc640 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \uacf5\uc720\ud558\ub294 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc758 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \ud55c \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uac04 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc790\ub9ac \uc7a1\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74, \uac1c\ubcc4 \uc8fc \ub2e8\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uadfc\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \u2018\ubbfc\uc871\u2019(nation)\uc774 \uad6c\ud604\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc8fc\ub4e4\uc744 \ubb36\uc740 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uad6d\uac00\ub294 \uacb0\uad6d \uc774\ucc28\uc801\uc778 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \u2018\ubbfc\uc871\uad6d\uac00\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\uace0, \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc774 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \u2018\ubbfc\uc871\uad6d\uac00\u2019\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud560\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacfc\uc81c\ub97c \uc548\uace0 \ucd9c\ubc1c\ud55c \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

2\ubc31\ub144\uc774 \ub118\ub294 \uae34 \uae30\uac04\uc758 \uc2dd\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58\ub97c \uacbc\uc5c8\ub358 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc744 \ud601\uba85\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uc808\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc801\uc778 \ud2c0 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uaddc\uc815\ub41c \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uac70\uccd0 \ub9de\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\uc804\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc120\uac70\uc640 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc758\uc0ac\uacb0\uc815 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ub098\ub984\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\ud6c4\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uace0 \uad6d\uac00\ubc1c\uc804\uc758 \uc9c0\ud5a5\uc810\uacfc \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \uc124\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ub2a5\ub3d9\uc801\uc778 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \uac04\ub514(M. K. Gandhi)\uc758 \ub300\uc911\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc744 \ud3bc\uce58\ub358 \uc778\ub3c4\uad6d\ubbfc\ud68c\uc758(Indian National Congress, INC)\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\ud6c4 \ub124\ub8e8(J. Nehru)\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uc138\uc18d\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \uc758\ud68c\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uad6d\uac00\uad6c\uc131\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 \ucd95\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\uc558\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubb38\ubbfc\uad8c\ub825\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub09c \uad70\ubd80\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc815\uce58\uccb4\uc81c\uac00 \uc704\ud611\ubc1b\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ub9c9\uc544\ub0b4\ub294 \uacfc\uc81c\ub294 \uadfc\ub300\uad6d\uac00 \uac74\uc124\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc804\uc81c\uc870\uac74\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc601\uad6d\uad70 \uc2dc\uc808\ubd80\ud130 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub358 \uc9c1\uc5c5\uc801 \uc804\ubb38\uc778\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\ub85c \uc870\uc9c1\ub41c \ubaa8\ubcd1\uc81c \uad70\ub300\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \uc0b4\ub9ac\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4, \ubb34\ub825\uc744 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud55c \ubc18\ub780\ud589\uc704\ub97c \ucc28\ub2e8\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub2e4\uc591\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc77c\uad00\ub41c \ub178\ub825\uc774 \uae34 \uae30\uac04 \ub3d9\uc548 \ucd94\uc9c4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ubb38\ud654\uc801\u00b7\uc5b8\uc5b4\uc801\u00b7\uc885\uad50\uc801\u00b7\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc801 \ub3d9\uc9c8\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ubb36\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub3c4\ub85d \ud574 \ub0b4\ub294 \uac83\uacfc, \uad70\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac1c\uc785\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825 \ud589\uc0ac\uac00 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uac83, \uc7a5\uad50\ub4e4\uc758 \ucc98\uc6b0\ub97c \uc0c1\ub958\uce35\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc911\uc0b0\uce35 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc5d0 \uac00\uae5d\ub3c4\ub85d \uac15\ub4f1\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83 \ub4f1\ub4f1\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\ud6c4 \uc778\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uad70 \uace0\uc704 \uc7a5\uad50\uc758 \uacf5\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc815\uce58\uc801\uc778 \ubc1c\uc5b8\uc774 \uae08\uae30\uc2dc\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uad70\ucd1d\uc0ac\ub839\uad00\uc9c1\uc774 \ucca0\ud3d0\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ud2b9\uc218\ubd80\ub300\uc640 \uc900\uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \uad70\uc774\ub098 \uad6d\ubc29\ubd80 \uc18c\uc18d\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uc870\uc9c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e0\uc124\ub418\uace0 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc218\ub3c4\ubc29\uc704\ub97c \ub9e1\ub294 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc5d0 \ubc30\uce58\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub178\ub825\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ub85c \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 2\ucc28 \uc138\uacc4\ub300\uc804 \uc774\ud6c4 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud55c \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc774 \uacaa\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uad70\uc0ac\ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub098 \uad70\ubd80\ud1b5\uce58\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc744 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub4dc\ubb38 \uc608\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub0c8\ub2e4(\uac15\uc131\uc6a9 2020). \u201c\uc138\uacc4 \ucd5c\ub300\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc815\uce58\u201d\ub97c \uad6c\ud604\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740, \uc778\ub3c4\uac00 \uacaa\uc5b4\uc628 \uc5f4\uc545\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \ube44\ucd94\uc5b4 \ubcf4\uc790\uba74 \ubbff\uae30 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uae30\uc801\uc5d0 \uac00\uae5d\uac8c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uac19\uc740 \uc601\uad6d\ub839 \uc778\ub3c4\uc81c\uad6d(British Indian Empire)\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uc600\ub358 \ubbf8\uc580\ub9c8\uc758 \ud604\uc7ac \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc131\ucde8\uac00 \uc791\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83\uc784\uc744 \uc798 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
1885\ub144 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc778\ub3c4\uad6d\ubbfc\ud68c\uc758(Indian National Congress, INC)\uc758 \ubaa8\uc2b5(\ucd9c\ucc98: wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc9c4\ub098(Md. Ali Jinnah)\uac00 \uc911\uc2ec\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4 \uc885\uad50\ub97c \uadfc\uac70\ub85c \ubcc4\uac1c\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\ub358 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub9ac\uadf8(All-India Muslim League, ML)\ub294 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc778\ub3c4\uac00 \uc885\uad50\ub97c \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ud78c\ub450\uc640 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc \ub450 \ubbfc\uc871(nation)\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\uc73c\ub2c8, \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \ub098\ub77c(nation state)\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4. \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \ubabd\uc0c1\ucc98\ub7fc \ub4e4\ub9ac\ub358 \uc774 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc774 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud604\uc2e4\uc774 \ub418\uba74\uc11c \ud0c4\uc0dd\ud55c \ub098\ub77c\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 ML\uc740 INC\ub9cc\ud07c\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc640 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc870\uc9c1\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud78c\ub450 \uadfc\ub300\ud654\ub860\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ub300\uc911\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubc18\uc791\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc9c1\ub41c \uc131\uaca9\uc774 \uac15\ud588\uace0, \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uce58 \uc544\uc820\ub2e4\ub97c \uc124\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc5ed\ub7c9\uc744 \ubc1c\ud718\ud574 \ubcf8 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774 \uc801\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ubb34\uac08\uc81c\uad6d \uc2dc\uae30 \uc774\ub798\ub85c \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c\uce35\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub358 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc \uc0c1\uce35\ubd80\ub294 \uc11c\uad6c\ud654\uc640 \uadfc\ub300\ud654\ub97c \ud5a5\ud55c \ub178\ub825\uc5d0 \uc18c\uadf9\uc801\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc791\uc740 \ub098\ub77c\uc774\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub3d9\uc11c\ub85c 1,600km\uac00 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ub3d9\u00b7\uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uacb0\ud569\ub41c \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc678\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uadf8 \uc874\uc18d\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0 \ud68c\uc758\uac00 \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4. \ub124\ub8e8\uac00 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \ubbf8\ub798\ub97c \uae30\ud68d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uadfc\uac70\ub294 \uc2dd\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uad00\ub8cc \uc911\uc2ec\uc758 \ud589\uc815\uccb4\uc81c\ub97c \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uc720\uc9c0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \ud589\uc815\uccb4\uc81c\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860\uc774\uace0 \uad70\uacfc \uc5ec\ud0c0 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uc0c8\ub86d\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uc138\uc6b0\ub294 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\uba74 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud558\uac8c \ubd95\uad34\ub420 \ub098\ub77c\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\uba74\uc11c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \ub610 \ucd08\ucc3d\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \uc778\ub3c4\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4 \ub098\uc740 \uacbd\uc81c\ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uac04 \uac83\uc740, \uc2dd\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \ucc45\uc784\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860\uc774\uace0 \uad6d\uc81c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc0c1\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \uc724\ub9ac\uc758\uc2dd\ub9c8\uc800 \uc800\ubc84\ub9ac\uace0 \ub0c9\uc804\uc758 \ud2c0 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc624\uc9c1 \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uc720\ubd88\ub9ac\ub9cc\uc744 \ub530\uc838\uc11c \ud3b8\uc744 \ub4dc\ub294 \uc11c\uad6c \uac15\ub300\uad6d\ub4e4, \ud2b9\ud788 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ube44\ub3c4\ub355\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\uc601\ub17c\ub9ac \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc9c0\ub3c4\ubd80\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\ub2e4. \uae30\uc874\uc758 \ubc18\uc2dd\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc785\uc7a5\uc774 \ub0c9\uc804\uc2dc\uae30 \uc9c4\uc601\ub17c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \ud3c4\ud558\uc640 \uc9c0\uc5ed\ud328\uad8c\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc8fc\ubcc0\uad6d\uc744 \uad00\ub9ac\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uacb0\ud569\ub418\uc5b4 \ubc18\uc601\ub41c \uac83\uc774 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \ube44\ub3d9\ub9f9\ub178\uc120\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
1937\ub144 10\uc6d4 \ub7ed\ub098\uc6b0(Lucknow), \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc \uc5f0\ub9f9(All-India Muslim League, ML) \uc2e4\ubb34 \uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \ud558\ub294 \uc9c4\ub098(\uc55e, \uc67c\ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8)(\ucd9c\ucc98: wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uad70 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc640 \uc678\ubd80\uc758 \ub2e4\uce35\uc801 \ubd84\uc808<\/b><\/h5>\n

\ub300\uc601\uc81c\uad6d \uad70\ub300\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub4e4\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ubd80\ub300\ub97c \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd \ub2f9\uc2dc \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uad70\uc73c\ub85c \ud3b8\uc785\ub418\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\ub3c4 \ubd80\ub300 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc120\ud0dd\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uc9c4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ub300\uc601\uc81c\uad6d\uc2dc\uc808 \uc655\uad8c\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud55c \ucc44\ub85c \uc601\uad6d\uc5d0 \ubcf5\uc18d\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 565\uac1c\ub098 \ub418\ub294 \ud06c\uace0 \uc791\uc740 \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d(princely state)\ub4e4\uc774 \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc785\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub85c \ub5a0\uc624\ub978 \uce74\uc26c\ubbf8\ub974(Kashmir)\ub294 1947\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \ubb34\ub825\ucda9\ub3cc\uc744 \ud53c\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uacc4\uae30\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 \uc778\ub3c4 \ub098\ub984\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uc774\ub370\ub77c\ubc1b(Hyderabad)\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub098 \uc778\ub3c4 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub358 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\ub839\uc774\ub098 \ud3ec\ub974\ud22c\uac08\ub839 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \uc815\ub9ac\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\ub3c4 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uc778\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc628\uac74\ud30c \ub124\ub8e8\uc640\ub294 \ub2ec\ub790\ub358 \uac15\uacbd\ud30c \ud30c\ud154(Sardar Patel)\uc758 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ub85c \uad70\uc0ac\uc791\uc804\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc838\uc11c \ud3b8\uc785\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uad6d\ud1a0\uc758 \uc808\ubc18\uc774 \ub118\ub294 \uba74\uc801\uc774 \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d\uc758 \uc601\ud1a0\uc600\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud55c \ucc98\uc74c \ud55c \ub2ec \uc548\uc5d0 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ud3b8\uc785\uc744 \uc774\ub8ec \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d\uc774 \ub458\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 14\uac1c \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d\ub4e4\uc758 \ud3b8\uc785\uacfc\uc815\uc740 \uc9c0\ub09c\ud558\uae30\ub9cc \ud588\ub2e4. 1948\ub144 3\uc6d4 \ubc1c\ub85c\uce58\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uce7c\ub783(Kalat)\uc774 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc785\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\uc5b4 1952\ub144\uc5d0 \ubc1c\ub8e8\uce58\uc2a4\ud0c4(Baluchistan)\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c 1955\ub144\uc5d0\uc57c \uc774 \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d\uc740 \uc18c\uba78\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc774\ubbf8 1958\ub144 \uce7c\ub783\uc758 \uc655(Khan)\uc740 \ubc1c\ub8e8\uce58\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc744 \uc120\uc5b8\ud588\uace0, \uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud30c\uc7a5\uc774 \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \ubc1c\ub8e8\uce58\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc138\ub825\uc758 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \ub4f1\uc7a5\uc744 \uc54c\ub838\ub2e4. \uac00\uc7a5 \ub2a6\uac8c \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \ud3b8\uc785\uacfc\uc815\uc774 \ub9c8\ubb34\ub9ac\ub41c \ud6c8\uc790(Hunza)\uc640 \ub098\uac00\ub974(Nagar)\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub294 \ud3b8\uc785\uc774 1974\ub144 10\uc6d4\uc5d0 \ub05d\ub0ac\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \ub9ce\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \ub9d0\ud574\uc900\ub2e4. \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc778\ub3c4\ub098 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ubaa8\ub450 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\ud6c4 \uad6d\uac00 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \uc601\ud1a0\ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub9e4\ub4ed\uc9d3\ub294 \uc77c\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uad70\uc0ac\ub825\uc744 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud560 \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\ub7f0 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\uad6c\uc131\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud574\uc57c \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub3d9\ubcb5\uac08\uc744 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc0dd\uaca8\ub09c \ub3d9\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\ub294 \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uace0, \ubcb5\uac08\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc8fc\ub85c \uac70\uc8fc\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ud06c\uac8c \ub2ec\ub790\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\ub2e8\uc77c\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uad8c\ub825\uc774 \ud1b5\uce58\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ub825\uc744 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud55c \ud22c\uc7c1\uc744 \ud53c\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc885\uad50\uc9d1\ub2e8\uac04\uc758 \ud3ed\ub825\uacfc \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uba85 \uaddc\ubaa8\uc758 \uc2e4\ud5a5\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc5b4\ub835\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \uc778\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c0\ubc30\uce35\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\ub358 \ud1a0\ud6c4\uad6d\uc758 \uc655\uc871\ub4e4\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubaa8\ub450 (\uc11c)\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \uc2e4\ud5a5\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc8fc\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc774 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \u201c\ubb34\ud558\uc9c0\ub974\u201d(Muhajir\/Mohajir, \uc544\ub78d\uc5b4 \u2018\uc774\ubbfc\uc790\u2019)\ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc9d1\ub2e8\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \ucd9c\uc2e0\uc9c0\uc5ed\uacfc \ubc30\uacbd\uc740 \ub2e4\ub974\uc9c0\ub9cc \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ub3c4\ub97c \ub5a0\ub098 \uc2e4\ud5a5\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c \uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \uc815\ucc29\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc778\ub370, \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc52c\ub4dc(Sindh)\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uce74\ub77c\uce58(Karachi)\ub098 \ud558\uc774\ub370\ub77c\ubc1b(Hyderabad) \ub4f1 \ub300\ub3c4\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc815\ucc29\ud588\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub974\ub450(Urdu)\ub97c \uad6c\uc0ac\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uad50\uc721\uc218\uc900\uc774 \ub192\uc558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc2e4\ud5a5\ubbfc \ucc98\uc9c0\ub97c \uacf5\uc720\ud558\ub358 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ud589\uc815 \uad00\ub8cc\uc9c1\uc774\ub098 \uc0c1\uc778 \ud639\uc740 \uc804\ubb38\uc9c1 \uc885\uc0ac\uc790\ub85c\uc11c \ud78c\ub450\ub4e4\uc774 \ub5a0\ub09c \ube48\uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ucc44\uc6cc \ub098\uac14\uace0 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc790\ub790\ub294\ub370, 1958\ub144 \uc544\uc731 \uce78(Ayub Khan)\uc774 \ubbf8\ub974\uc790(Iskander Mirza) \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc744 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub85c \ucd95\ucd9c\ud558\uace0 \uad70\ubd80\ud1b5\uce58\ub97c \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ub9de\ub294\ub2e4. \uc544\uc731 \uce78\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ucd9c\uc2e0\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc778 \uce74\uc774\ubc84 \ud30d\ud230\ucf70(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)\uc9c0\uc5ed \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc744 \uc815\uc7ac\uacc4\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc694\uc9c1\uc5d0 \ubc30\uce58\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uace0, \uac01 \uc9c0\uc5ed\ub2e8\uc704\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc774 \ud6e8\uc52c \uac15\ud588\ub358 \ubc1c\ub85c\uce58(Baloch), \ubcb5\uac08\ub9ac(Bengali), \uc52c\ub514(Sindhi) \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud574\uc11c \uc9c0\uc5ed\ub2e8\uc704 \uc815\uccb4\uc131 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ubab0\uc785\ud55c\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uc774\ub7f0 \uad6c\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\ud5a5\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\uc131\uc5d0 \uc800\ud56d\ud558\ub358 \ubb34\ud558\uc9c0\ub974\ub4e4\uc740 1960\ub144\ub300 \ucd08\ubd80\ud130 \uaca9\ub82c\ud55c \uc800\ud56d\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c\ub2e4. \uacf5\uc6a9\uc5b4\uc774\uc790 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc758 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uc5b4 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad6d\uc5b4\ub85c \ucc44\ud0dd\ub41c \uc6b0\ub974\ub450(Urdu)\ub97c \uc81c\uc77c\uc5b8\uc5b4\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 7%\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud55c(2017\ub144 \uc13c\uc11c\uc2a4 \uae30\uc900) \uac83\uc774 \uc9c0\uae08\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub2e4. \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c 75%\uc758 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc6b0\ub974\ub450\ub97c \uc774\ud574\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud78c\ub514(Hind\u012b)\uc640 \uc6b0\ub974\ub450\uac00 \ubb38\uc790\uc640 \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uc9c0\ud5a5\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\ubd84\ub41c, \uc6d0\ub798\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc600\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \uae30\uc778\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\uac00 \ud06c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 \ud1b5\uc77c\uc131\uc744 \ud604\uc2e4\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc81c\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ud06c\uace0 \ubb34\uac70\uc6e0\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uc5ed\uc0ac\uc758 \uac08\ub9bc\uae38\uc744 \uc9c0\ub098\ub2e4<\/b>: <\/b>\uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad70\ubd80<\/b><\/h5>\n

\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \uad70\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac1c\uc785\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \uac08\ub77c\ub193\uc558\uc744\uae4c? \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3d9\uc758\ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0\uc778\ub370, \ud558\ub098\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uae09\uc870\ub41c \uad6d\uac00\ub85c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\u00b7\uc804\ub7b5\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uc874\uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uac16\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \ucc44 \uae30\uc874 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc2dc\uae30\uc758 \uc870\uc138\uc640 \ud589\uc815\uc870\uc9c1 \ubc0f \uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uc774\uc5b4\ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \uaf3d\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uaf3d\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubc14\ub85c ML\uc758 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc815\uce58\ub825\uc744 \uaf3d\ub294\ub2e4. \uae34 \uc2dc\uac04 \uad6c\ucd95\ub41c \ud558\ubd80 \ub2e8\uc704\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \uc7a5\uc545\ub825\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 INC\uc640 ML\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc5ed\ub7c9\uc5d0\ub294 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \ucef8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub098\uc911\uc758 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc5d0\uc11c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac1c\uc785\uc774 \ubc18\ubcf5\ub41c \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \uba87 \uac00\uc9c0 \ub354 \uaf3d\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4(Wilkinson 2015). \uc6b0\uc120 \uc55e\uc11c \ub9d0\ud55c \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uad70\ub300 \ub0b4\uc758 \uc885\uc871\uad6c\uc131 \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ub3c4\uad70\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uad70\uc758 \ud3b8\uc911\ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \ud6e8\uc52c \uac15\ud588\ub2e4. \ubed4\uc7a1(Punjab)\uc8fc\uac00 \ubd84\ud560\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc11c\ubed4\uc7a1\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc785\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \uc774 \uc11c\ubed4\uc7a1\uc740 \uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ucd5c\ub300\uc758 \uc778\uad6c\ub97c \ubcf4\uc720\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774\uae30\ub294 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc804\uccb4\ub85c \ubcf4\uc790\uba74 \ub300\ub7b5 \uc778\uad6c\uc758 1\/4\uc744 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uad70\ub300 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc11c\ubed4\uc7a1\uc9c0\uc5ed \ucd9c\uc2e0\uc774 \ubcf4\ubcd1 \uc804\ub825\uc758 3\/4\uc744 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc758 \ub3d9\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \uc778\uad6c \uaddc\ubaa8\ub85c\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc804\uccb4 \uc778\uad6c\uc758 \uc808\ubc18\uc744 \ub118\ub294 \uc778\uad6c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uad70\ub300 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ubcb5\uac08\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uaddc\ubaa8\ub294 \ube44\uc911\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub9cc\ud07c \ubbf8\ubbf8\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc601\uad6d\uc774 \uc138\ud3ec\uc774\ud56d\uc7c1 \uc774\ud6c4 \ubc18\ub780\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \ucc28\ub2e8\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b8 \u201c\ubb34\uace8\uc885\uc871\u201d(martial race)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc778\uc885\uc774\ub860\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc778\uae30\uac00 \ub192\uc558\ub358 \uc9c1\uc5c5\uad70\uc778\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \ubaa8\ubcd1\uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc885\uc871\uc9d1\ub2e8, \ud2b9\ud788 \ubcb5\uac08\uc778\ub4e4\uc744 \ucc28\ubcc4\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ubbf8 \uc591 \uc138\uacc4\ub300\uc804 \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ubcd1\uc778\uad6c\ub85c \ubed4\uc7a1 \ucd9c\uc2e0 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc774 \ucd5c\ub300\uc758 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc2dc\uae30 \uad70\ub300\ub97c \ubb3c\ub824\ubc1b\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uad70\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uac19\uc740 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8 \uc3e0\ub9bc\uc758 \uc815\ub3c4\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\ub9cc\ud07c \uc2ec\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \ubb34\uace8\uc885\uc871 \ubaa9\ub85d\uc744 \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc7a5 \ub9ce\uc740 \uad70\uc778\uc774 \uc9d5\ubc1c\ub41c \ubed4\uc7a1\uc9c0\uc5ed\uacfc \uac00\uc7a5 \ud06c\uac8c \ucc28\ubcc4\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \ubcb5\uac08\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uc601\ud1a0\ub85c \ud560\ub2f9\ub41c \uac83\uc740 \ub354 \ud070 \uac08\ub4f1\uc758 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \ub418\uace0 \ub9d0\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc778\ub3c4\uad70\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubed4\uc7a1 \ucd9c\uc2e0 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubd84\uba85\ud55c \uc885\uc871\uc9d1\ub2e8\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc989, \ubed4\uc7a1 \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \ud78c\ub450\uc640 \uc2dc\ud06c\uad50\ub3c4(Sikh)\ub4e4\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uad70\uc5d0 \ub0a8\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \uc774 \ub450 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc758 \uc774\uc9c8\uc131\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860\uc774\uace0 \uc774 \ub450 \uc9d1\ub2e8 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9d1\ub2e8\ub4e4 \uac04\uc758 \uc774\uc9c8\uc131\uc774 \uac15\ud558\uac8c \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa8\ubcd1\ub41c \uc5ec\ud0c0 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc778\ub3c4\uad70 \ub0b4\uc758 \uc555\ub3c4\uc801\uc778 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
1912\ub144 \uc601\uad6d-\uc778\ub3c4 \uc721\uad70 \ubcf4\ubcd1\ubd80\ub300 \u201c1st Brahman\u201d(\ucd9c\ucc98: wikimedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uad70\ub300\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uad70\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud560\ub420 \ub54c \ubd80\ub300 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc120\ud0dd\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uad70\uc5d0 \ud569\ub958\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uad70 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \ub3d9\uc9c8\uc131\uc744 \uac15\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \ud070 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud588\ub2e4. \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \uc601\uad6d\uc740 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc73c\ub85c\ub9cc \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ubd80\ub300\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uace0 \uc6b4\uc601\ud55c \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc885\uad50\ub97c \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd\ub41c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ud560\ub2f9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubd80\ub300\ub294 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\uc720\ub85c\ub294 ML\uc774 \ubbfc\u00b7\uad70\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc124\uc815 \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a5\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uae30\ud68d\uc744 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \ub3c5\ub9bd \ucd08\uae30\uc5d0 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc870\uce58\ub97c \ucde8\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ubbf8 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \uc601\uad6d\uc5d0 \uc801\uadf9 \ud611\uc870\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ub098\ub984\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc785\uc9c0\ub97c \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud588\ub358 ML\uc740 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc11c\uad6c\ud654\ub41c \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uace0 \ub610 \ub300\ubcc0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc9c4 \u2018\ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc740 \ud558\ub098\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\ub370\uc62c\ub85c\uae30\uc774\uc790 \ud655\uc2e0\uc740 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub4e4 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uacfc \uc778\uc885\uacfc \uc5b8\uc5b4 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \uc885\uad50\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\uae4c\uc9c0\ub97c \uc758\ub3c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud639\uc740 \ubb34\uc758\uc2dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc885\ud30c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uba70, \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uc804\ud1b5\uc740 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ud53c\uc998(Sufism)\uc804\ud1b5\uc758 \ubfcc\ub9ac\uac00 \uae4a\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uac04\uacfc\ud558\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ud78c\ub450\uc640\uc758 \ub300\ub9bd\uad6c\ub3c4 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \u2018\ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc740 \ud558\ub098\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub358 \uc9d1\uad8c \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc5ec\ub7ff\uc778 \ud604\uc2e4\uc744 \uc560\uc368 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc740 \uace7 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ubbfc\uc871\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uc5ec \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b8 \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud604\uc2e4\uc801\uc778 \uac10\uac01\uc744 \uac16\uae30\ub294 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6e0\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub108\ubb34\ub098 \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \uad6d\ubbfc\ud615\uc131\uc758 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc9c0\ub098\uce58\uac8c \ubb34\uac10\uac01\ud588\ub358 \uac83\uc774 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uae30\ub098\uae34 \uc81c\ud5cc\uc758\ud68c\uc758 \ud5cc\ubc95 \uc81c\uc815\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uacfc \uc8fc \uacbd\uacc4\uc120 \uc124\uc815 \ub4f1\ub4f1\uc758 \ub09c\uc81c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\uc5b4 \uac00\uba74\uc11c, \ud2b9\ud788 1951~1955\uc758 \uae30\uac04\uc5d0 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub77c\ub3c4 \ud3ed\ubc1c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc885\uc871\ub2e8\uc704 \ucda9\ub3cc\uc744 \ub9c9\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ub178\ub825\uc744 \ub2e4\uc591\ud558\uac8c \uae30\uc6b8\uc774\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uac83\uacfc \ud06c\uac8c \ub300\uc870\ub41c\ub2e4. \uce74\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8e8\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ud560\ub2f9\uc81c\ub97c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\uace0, \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc758 \uad6c\ubd84\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc8fc \ub2e8\uc704\ub97c \uc124\uc815\ud574\uc11c \ud558\ubd80\uc758 \ubbfc\uc871\ub2e8\uc704 \uad6c\uc131\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud588\uace0, \uad70\ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \uc77c\uccb4\uc131\uc744 \uc640\ud574\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uad70\uc774 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc77c\uc744 \ub9c9\uc558\ub358 \ub178\ub825\uc774 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uac74\uad6d \ucd08\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \uc218\uad8c\uc9d1\ub2e8 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\ub97c \uc720\ub9ac\uc2dc\ud0a8 \uc2e4\uc218\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c4\ub098 \ud1b5\uce58\uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \ubb34\ud568\ub9cf \uc54c\ub9ac(Chaudhri Muhammad Ali)\uac00 \ub0b4\uac01\uae30\ud68d\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c(Planning Committee of the Cabinet)\ub97c \uc870\uc9c1\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uacb0\uad6d \ub0b4\uac01 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ub418\uace0 \uc625\uc0c1\uc625\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ub418\uace0 \ub9d0\uc558\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uacb0\uad6d \uc815\uce58\uad8c\ub825\uc774 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\ub358 \uad00\ub8cc\uccb4\uacc4\uc640 \uc720\ub9ac\ub418\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub0b3\uc558\ub2e4. \uad70\uc758 \uac1c\uc785\uc774 \uc26c\uc6b4 \ud2c8\uc0c8\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \ub9d0\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c4\ub098 \uac1c\uc778\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud55c \uc0c1\uba85\ud558\ubcf5\uc758 \ubb38\ud654\uac00 \uac15\ud558\uac8c \uc790\ub9ac\uc7a1\uace0 \uc788\ub358 ML\uc758 \uc758\uc0ac\uacb0\uc815 \uad00\ud589\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 1947\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 2008\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 4\ubc88\uc758 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\uc640 36\ub144\uac04\uc758 \uad70\uc815\ud1b5\uce58\ub97c \uacaa\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58\uc758 \uc2dc\ub3c4\uc640 \ud55c\uacc4\ub4e4<\/b><\/h5>\n

\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud654\uc758 \uae30\ud68c\uac00 \uc544\uc608 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub358 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. 1971\ub144 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uacfc \ub9de\ubb3c\ub9b0 \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ud328\ubc30\ud55c \uc774\ud6c4 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \ud558\uce35 \uc7a5\uad50\ub4e4\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860\uc774\uace0 \uad6d\ubbfc \uc804\ubc18\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc783\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub54c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc778\ubbfc\ub2f9(Pakistan People\u2019s Party)\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uc904\ud53c\uae4c\ub974 \uc54c\ub9ac \ubd80\ud1a0(Zulfikar Ali Bhutto)\ub294 \uc774\uc804 \uad70\ubd80\ud1b5\uce58 \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uacbd\ud5d8\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ucd5c\ub300\uc758 \uc815\uce58 \uc7c1\uc810\uc774\ub358 \ub3d9\u00b7\uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uade0\ud615 \ubb38\uc81c\ub3c4 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc73c\ub85c \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ud3bc\uccd0\uc84c\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uc9d1\uad8c\ud55c \ubd80\ud1a0\ub294 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc774 \ud588\ub358 \uad70\ubd80 \ud1b5\uc81c\ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uace0\uc704 \uc7a5\uc131\uc758 \uc778\uc0ac\uad8c \ud1b5\uc81c, 3\uad70 \ucc38\ubaa8\ucd1d\uc7a5\uc758 \uc9c1\uc704 \uac15\ub4f1, \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc5ec\ud0c0 \uc900\uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1 \uad6c\uc131\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uad70\ubd80 \uacac\uc81c, \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc885\uc871\uc9d1\ub2e8 \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc758 \uade0\ud615 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa8\ubcd1 \ub4f1\uc774 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \ubd80\ud1a0\ub294 \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \ub0a8\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc815\ub2f9\uc131\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860\uc774\uace0 \ub300\uc911\uacfc \uad70\ubd80 \ubaa8\ub450\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc783\uace0 \ub9d0\uc558\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d 1977\ub144\uc758 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub97c \ubb34\uc704\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uace0, 1977\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uc81c \ubcf5\uc6d0 \uc2dc\ub3c4\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ubd80\ud1a0\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ub294 \uc9c0\uc544 \uc6b8\ud559(Zia ul-Haq)\uc758 \uad70\ubd80\ud1b5\uce58\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0 \ud2b9\ud788\ub098 1985\ub144 \uac1c\ud5cc\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc5d0\uac8c \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uc544\uac00 1988\ub144 \ube44\ud589\uae30 \uc0ac\uace0\ub85c \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud558\uc790, \ucd1d\uc120\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc904\ud53c\uae4c\ub974 \uc54c\ub9ac \ubd80\ud1a0\uc758 \ub538 \ubca0\ub098\uc9c0\ub974 \ubd80\ud1a0(Benazir Bhutto)\uac00 \uc218\uc0c1\uc5d0 \uc624\ub974\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774 \ub54c\ubd80\ud130\ub294 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uacfc \uc218\uc0c1\uacfc \uad70\uc0ac\ub839\uad00(Chief of Army Staff)\uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc0bc\uac01\uade0\ud615\uc774 \uc774\ubbf8 \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub41c \ud6c4\uc600\ub2e4. 1988\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c \uc758\ud68c \ud574\uc0b0\uad8c\uacfc \uc218\uc0c1 \uc784\uba85\uad8c\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc740 \uad6c\uc870\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uad70\uc0ac\ub839\uad00\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uccb4\uc81c\uac00 \uacf5\uace0\ud558\uac8c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc815\uce58\uad8c\uc758 \ubd84\uc5f4\uacfc \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \ub2e8\uacb0\uc740 \ube44\ub300\uce6d\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uacc4\uc124\uc815\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uadf9\ub2e8\uc8fc\uc758 \uc9c4\uc601\uc744 \uc801\uc808\ud558\uac8c \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc138\uc18d\uc8fc\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uad8c\uc744 \ud5a5\ud55c \uc9c0\ub81b\ub300\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub9bd \ub2f9\uc2dc \uce74\uc26c\ubbf8\ub974\uc804\uc7c1 \uc774\ub798\ub85c \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc678\uad50\uae4c\uc9c0\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \uad70\ubd80 \uad00\ud560\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\uc815\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc8fc\uc758\uc790 \ud65c\uc6a9\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub0b4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 \uc0e4\ub9ac\ud504(Nawaz Sharif)\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub9ac\uadf8(Pakistan Muslim League, PML-Q) \ucd1d\ub9ac\ub85c 2\/3 \uacfc\ubc18\uc758\uc11d\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud55c \ubc88 \uad70\ubd80 \uacac\uc81c \uc2dc\ub3c4\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac1c\ud5cc\uc744 \ud588\uace0, \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc744 \ud574\uc784\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0 \uad70\ubd80\uc778\uc0ac\uc5d0 \uac1c\uc785\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ubbfc\uc120 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uc758 \uc8fc\ub3c4\uad8c\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc0bc\uac01\ud1b5\uce58 \uad6c\ub3c4\ub97c \ud574\uccb4\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, 1999\ub144 \ubb34\uc0e4\ub77c\ud504(Musharraf) \uc7a5\uad70\uc758 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub85c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub294 \uc88c\uc808\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubb34\uc0e4\ub77c\ud504 \uc7a5\uad70\uc740 \ubb34\ud558\uc9c0\ub974\uc778\uc9c0\ub77c \uad70\ubd80 \ub0b4 \ub2e4\uc218\uc778 \ud30c\uc26c\ud230(Pashtun)\uacfc \ubed4\uc790\ube44\uc758 \ucda9\uc131\uc744 \uc5bb\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub9ac\ub77c\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \uc2ec\ud55c \ucc29\uc624\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ubc30\uacbd\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0e4\ub9ac\ud504 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uac00 \uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \uc815\ube44\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc7ac\ub7c9\uad8c\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc120\ud638\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. 1998\ub144 \ud575\uc2e4\ud5d8\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc81c\uc7ac\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub354\ud574\uc9c0\uba74\uc11c \ube44\ud6a8\uc728\uc5d0 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \uc8fc\uc800\uc549\uc744 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. 1947\ub144 \uc774\ub798 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ubbfc\uc815\uc774 \uc758\uc9c0\ud574 \uc628 \ubcf4\ub8e8\ub294 \uc678\uad6d\uc758 \uc6d0\uc870\uc600\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc6d0\uc870\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uad6d\uac00\ub85c\uc11c \uc0dd\uc874\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\ub294 \uadfc\uac70\uc600\uace0 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \ubc1c\ud718\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc804\uc7c1 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc6d0\uc870\uc758 \uac15\ub3c4\ub294 \ub4f1\ub77d\uc744 \uac70\ub4ed\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc774 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc815\ud559\uc801 \uc774\uc720\uac00 \ubc14\ub85c \ud574\ub2f9\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc548\uc815\ud654\uc640 \uc5bd\ud600 \uc788\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uad70\uc0ac\uc801 \uac1c\uc785\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc6d0\uc870\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\ub97c \uc9c0\ud5a5\ud558\uace0 \uad70\ubd80\ub97c \uacac\uc81c\ud560 \ub3d9\uae30\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
<\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad70\ubd80 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8ec Ayesha Siddiqa\uc758 \ucc45 Military Inc. \ud45c\uc9c0 (\ucd9c\ucc98: Amazon)><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\uc774\uc81c \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc313\uc5ec \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ud1b5\uc77c\uc131\uacfc \uc704\uae30\ub300\uc751 \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud560 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub85c \uad70\ubd80\ub97c \uc778\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud569\uc758\uac00 \uad73\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc138\uacc4\uac00\uce58\uad00\uc870\uc0ac(World Value Survey)\uc758 1997\ub144 \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c 97% \uad6d\ubbfc\uc774 \uad70\ubd80\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub97c \uac16\uace0, 33.1%\ub9cc\uc774 \uc815\uce58\uc815\ub2f9\uc744 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\uc73c\uba70, 56%\uac00 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uccb4\uc81c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc88b\uac8c \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, 40%\ub294 \uad70\uc815\uc744 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4(Croissant et al<\/i>. 2013: 185). \ubca0\ub098\uc9c0\ub974 \ubd80\ud1a0 \uc9d1\uad8c\uae30(1988~1990, 1993~1996)\uc640 \uc0e4\ub9ac\ud504 \uc9d1\uad8c\uae30(1990~1993, 1997~1999)\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \ubb38\ubbfc\uc815\ubd80\uc640 \ud3c9\ud589 \uad8c\ub825\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc624\uba74\uc11c \uc815\uce58 \uc804\uba74\uc5d0 \ub098\uc11c\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ucc44 \ucd5c\ud6c4\uc758 \uad8c\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud588\uace0, \ud2b9\ud788 \ub300\uc778\ub3c4 \uad00\uacc4\uc640 \uc678\uad50 \ubc0f \uad6d\ubc29 \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ub3c5\uc790\uc801\uc778 \uacb0\uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. 1958\ub144 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub294 \ubb38\ubbfc\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc2e4\uc815\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc2e4\ub9dd\uacfc \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uc720\uc9c0\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \ubcf4\ub8e8\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uad70\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc790\uc2e0\uac10\uc758 \ubc1c\ud604\uc774\uc5c8\uace0, \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc544\uc731 \uce78 \uc7a5\uad70\uc740 \ubb38\ubbfc \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc744 \uad70\ubd80\uc815\uad8c\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0 \uacbd\uc81c\uc640 \uc0ac\ud68c \ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \ud5a5\ud55c \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \uc7a5\uc545\uc5d0 \ub098\uc130\ub2e4. \uc544\uc731 \uce78\uc740 PML-Q\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \uad70\ubd80 \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc774 \uc815\uce58\ub97c \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4. 1962\ub144\uc758 \uac1c\ud5cc\ub3c4 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ud070 \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \u2018Milbus\u2019(Siddiqa 2007)\ub77c\uace0 \ud754\ud558\uac8c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \uad70\ubd80\uc640 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uccb4\uc758 \uacb0\ud569\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uad70\ubd80 \uc790\ubcf8\uc758 \uad6c\ucd95\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\ub0c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uad70\ubd80\ub9cc\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc774\uc775\uc774\uc790 \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ucc3d\ucd9c\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\uace0, \uc774 \uad6c\uc870\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad70\ubd80\ud1b5\uce58\uac00 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ubaa9\uc801\uc774\uc790 \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub124 \uac1c\uc758 \ubcf5\uc9c0\uc7ac\ub2e8\uc744 \u2500\uad70\ubd80\ub294 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \ud2b9\uad8c\uc744 \uad70 \uc720\uc9c0\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \u2018\ubcf5\uc9c0\u2019\uc81c\ub3c4\ub77c\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\ud55c\ub2e4.\u2500 \ud1b5\ud55c \uacbd\uc601\uad8c \uc7a5\uc545 \ud558\uc5d0 \ub18d\uc7a5\uacfc \ud559\uad50\ub098 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc2dc\uc124\uc744 \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc740\ud589\uacfc \ubcf4\ud5d8\uc0ac \ubc29\uc1a1\uad6d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc544\uc6b0\ub974\ub294 \uacbd\uc81c\ud65c\ub3d9\uc744 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uace0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub8cc \uc9d5\uc218\uc0ac\uc5c5\uc774\ub098 \uc1fc\ud551\uc13c\ud130\ub098 \uc8fc\uc720\uc18c \uc6b4\uc601 \ub4f1\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc9c1\uc811 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uc778\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \ud1f4\uc5ed \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ud61c\ud0dd\uc744 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc0c1\ud669\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc815\ucc45\uacb0\uc815\uc5d0 \uc9c1\uc811 \uac1c\uc785\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uae30\ub97c \uac15\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4. \ub610 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ub418\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uacaa\uc73c\uba74\uc11c, \ubcf4\ud1b5 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uad70 \uc7a5\uad50\uac00 \ub418\uc5b4 \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c\uce35\uc5d0 \uc9c4\uc785\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \ucca0\uc800\ud558\uac8c \ud1b5\uc81c\ub41c\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc9d1\ub2e8\uacfc \uc871\ubc8c\uc758 \uad00\uacc4 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\uc758 \ubaa8\ubcd1\uacfc \uc2b9\uc9c4\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uad6d\uac00 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc774 \uad70\ubd80\uc640 \uacf5\uc0dd\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c \uad70\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub3c4\uc804\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc138\ub825\uc774 \ud615\uc131\ub418\uae30 \uc5b4\ub835\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc774 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc790\uc6d0\ubd84\ubc30\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc744 \ub0b3\uace0 \uc788\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4. \uad70\ubd80\uc815\uad8c\uc774 \ubc14\ub014 \ub54c\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uc9d1\uad8c\uc790\ub97c \uc9c0\uc9c0\ud588\ub358 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud2b9\uad8c\uc801\uc778 \ubcf4\uc0c1\uc774 \uac15\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774 \uccb4\uc81c\ub294 \uad70\ubd80\uc9d1\uad8c\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uad6d\uac00(parallel state)\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uace0 \uadf8 \ub098\ub984\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc774\uc775(core interest)\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\uad70\uc740 \uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0 \ub300\ube44\ud558\ub294 \uc870\uc9c1\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub9d0\uc740 \uad70\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc740 \uad6d\ub0b4\uc758 \uc5ed\ub7c9\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc5ed\ub7c9\uc744 \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ud310\ub2e8\uc744 \ubc1b\ub294 \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc744 \uac15\uc694\ubc1b\ub294 \uc870\uc9c1\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uad6d\uac00\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uc874\ub9bd\ub418\ub294\uc9c0\uc758 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uac00\uc7a5 \ucd5c\ud6c4\uc758 \ubcf4\ub8e8\ub85c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud574 \uc654\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uac8c \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \uc815\uad8c\uc7a5\uc545\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\ub9cc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uce74\uc26c\ubbf8\ub974 \ubd84\uc7c1, \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uad6d\uacbd \ubd88\uc548\uc815, \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc18c\uc694\uc0ac\ud0dc\uc640 \uc885\uc871 \uac04 \ud3ed\ub825\uc0ac\ud0dc \ubc0f \ud14c\ub7ec \uc9c4\uc555 \ub4f1\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uce58\uc548 \uc720\uc9c0 \uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \uc790\uc5f0\uc7ac\ud574\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub300\uc751 \ub4f1\ub4f1\uc758 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud65c\ub3d9\uc774 \uad70\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788\ub098 \uacbd\ucc30\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ube44\ud6a8\uc728\uc131 \ub0b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ubb34\ub825\ud568\uc744 \uad70\uc774 \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad70 \uc8fc\ub3c4 \uad6d\uac00\uc6b4\uc601\uc758 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \uaf3d\uc790\uba74 \uacb0\uad6d, \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uac74\uad6d \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c \uc794\uc874\ud558\uace0 \uccad\uc0b0\ub418\uc5b4 \ubcf8 \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \ubd09\uac74\uc801 \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c\uc138\ub825\uc774 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \uaf3d\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uc9c0\uc8fc\uc774\uc790 \ubd09\uac74 \uc601\uc8fc\ub4e4\uc774 \ud604\ub300\uc758 \uc790\ubcf8\uac00\uc774\uc790 \uc7a5\uad50\ub85c \uc138\ub825\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc624\uba74\uc11c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c\uc744 \uc7a5\uc545\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uac00 \ubc30\ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc228\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc871\ubc8c\uc815\uce58\uc640 \uc77c\uc778\ud1b5\uce58\uc758 \uad00\ud589\uc740 \uadf8 \ud53c\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \ubc1c\ud604\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uaca0\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \uad70\ubd80 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uad6d\uac00<\/b><\/h5>\n

\ubcb5\uac08\uc5b4\ub85c \u201c\ubcb5\uac08\u201d\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \ub9d0 \u201c\ubc29\ub77c\u201d(B\u0101\u1e45l\u0101)\uc640 \u201c\ub098\ub77c, \ub545\u201d\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \u201c\ub370\uc0e4\u201d(de\u015ba)\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \uacb0\ud569\uc2dc\ud0a8 \uc774\ub984\uc774 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub4ef, \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub294 \ubcb5\uac08\uc5b4\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ubcb5\uac08 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4(\uc804\uccb4 \uc778\uad6c\uc758 98%)\uc774 \ubaa8\uc5ec\uc11c \uc0ac\ub294 \ub545\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \ubcb5\uac08 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \ud78c\ub450\ub4e4\uc774 \ubaa8\uc5ec \uc0ac\ub294 \uacf3\uc740 \uc9c0\uae08\uc758 \uc11c\ubcb5\uac08(West Bengal) \uc8fc\uc774\uace0 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub2c8\uae4c \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub294 \ubcb5\uac08\uc774 \ubd84\ud560\ub418\uba74\uc11c \ub3d9\ubcb5\uac08\uc774 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ub098\ub77c\uc778 \uc148\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c \uc774 \ud1b5\uc77c\uc131\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uac00 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud560 \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub358 \uc774\uc720\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574\uc11c \uc885\uad50\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uac15\ud558\uac8c \ubbfc\uc871\uc758 \ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \uad6d\uac00\ud615\uc131\uc758 \uac15\ud55c \ub3d9\ub825\uc784\uc744 \ud655\uc778\uc2dc\ucf1c\uc900 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc758 \uc99d\uac70\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>1947\ub144 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\ud6c4 \uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uad70\ubd80\uc640 \uad00\ub8cc\uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc138\uae08\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \ub3d9\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c \ub0b4\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \ubd88\ub9cc\uc740 \ub204\uc801\ub418\uc5b4 \uac14\uc73c\uba70 \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubb34\uc9c0\ube0c\ub974 \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc(Sheikh Mujibur Rahman)\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud55c \uc544\uc640\ubbf8\ub9ac\uadf8(Awami League, AL)\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ud798\uc744 \uc2e3\ub294 \uadfc\uac70\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc2dc\uae30 \ub3d9\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \uc804\ud600 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ubb34\uac8c\ub97c \uac16\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc8fc\ubcc0\ubd80\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c 71\ub144 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc804\uc7c1\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ubcb5\uac08 \ucd9c\uc2e0 \uc7a5\uad50\ub4e4\uc740 \uc11c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \uc5b5\ub958\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ub300\ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud22c\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc740 \uc900\uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1 \uc18c\uc18d\uc774\uac70\ub098 \ucc38\uc804\ud55c \ubbfc\uac04\uc778\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc774\ud6c4 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uc628 \uc1a1\ud658\uad70\uacfc \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud22c\uc0ac \ucd9c\uc2e0\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad70 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uac04\uadf9\uc740 \ubb34\ucc99 \ucef8\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad70 \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc740 \uc1a1\ud658\uad70\ub4e4\uc774 \uc601\uad6d \uc804\ud1b5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc804\ubb38 \uc9c1\uc5c5\uad70\uc778 \uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uc9c0\ud5a5\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\uace0, \uc911\uad6d\uc2dd \uc778\ubbfc\ud574\ubc29\uad70\ucc98\ub7fc \ud601\uba85\uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc9c0\ud5a5\ud588\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc 1975\ub144 \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uc1a1\ud658\uad70\uc774 \uc804\uccb4 36,000\uba85 \uc870\uc9c1\uc5d0\uc11c 28,000\uba85 \uaddc\ubaa8\ub85c \ub2e4\uc218\ub97c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad70 \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc740 \ubd88\ub9cc\uc774\uc5c8\uace0, \uc1a1\ud658\uad70\uc740 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad70 \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc774 \uc778\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\ud61c\ub97c \ubc1b\ub294\ub2e4\uace0 \ubd88\ub9cc\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc640\uc911\uc5d0 \ucd08\ub300 \uc218\uc0c1 \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc\uc740 \uad70 \uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \uc0ad\uac10\ud558\uace0 \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \uc900\uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uc2e0\uc124\ud558\uc5ec\uc11c \uc2e4\uad8c\uc744 \uc2e4\uc5b4 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uad70\ubd80 \uacac\uc81c\ub97c \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c \uc148\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uad6d\ubd80 \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc\uc774 \uc7ac\ub09c\ub300\uc751\uacfc \ubd80\uc815\ubd80\ud328 \ucc99\uacb0\uc5d0 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ubd88\ub9cc\uc774 \ub204\uc801\ub418\uc790 \uc88c\uc775 \uc9c4\uc601\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc18\ub780\uc2dc\ub3c4\uac00 \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0, \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc\uc740 \uacb0\uad6d \ube44\uc0c1\uc0ac\ud0dc\ub97c \uc120\ud3ec\ud558\uace0 \ub2e4\ub2f9\uc81c\ub97c \uae08\uc9c0\ud558\uc5ec \uc790\uc720\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \ubcf4\uc218\uc9c4\uc601\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubd88\ub9cc\uc744 \uc0ac\uace0 \ub9d0\uc558\ub2e4. 1975\ub144 \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc\uc740 \uac00\uc871\ub4e4\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc554\uc0b4\ub418\uc5c8\uace0 \u2500\uadf8 \ub54c \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uc740 \ub538\uc774 \uc9c0\uae08\uc758 \ucd1d\ub9ac \uc170\uc774\ud06c \ud558\uc528\ub098\uc774\ub2e4.\u2500 \uadf8 \ud6c4 22\ubc88\uc758 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\uc640 \ubc18\ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\uc640 \ubc18\ub780\uc2dc\ub3c4\uac00 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ub4a4\ub530\ub790\ub2e4. 1975\ub144 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub85c \uc9c0\uc544\uc6b0\ub974 \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc(Ziaur Rahman) \uc7a5\uad70\uc758 \uc9d1\uad8c\uae30\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uadf8\uac00 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub85c \uc0b4\ud574\ub418\uace0 \ub098\uc790 \u2500\uadf8\uc758 \ubbf8\ub9dd\uc778\uc774 \uc591\ub300 \uc815\uce58\uc778 \uc911 \ud55c \uba85\uc778 \uce7c\ub808\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc544\uc774\ub2e4.\u2500 \uc5d0\ub974\uc0eb(Hossain Md. Ershad)\uc774 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\ub85c 1982~1990\ub144\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uad8c\ud588\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uc544\uc6b0\ub974 \ub77c\ud750\ub9cc\uc740 \uc9d1\uad8c\uae30\uc5d0 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uad70(Bangladesh Armed Forces, BAF)\uc73c\ub85c \ud1b5\ud569\ud588\uace0 \uad6d\ubc29\uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \uc99d\uc561\ud558\uc5ec \uad70 \uaddc\ubaa8\ub97c \uc138 \ubc30\ub85c \ub298\ub838\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad70 \ucd9c\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc30\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \uc778\uc0ac\ub97c \ub2e8\ud589\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uad70\uc740 80\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc1a1\ud658\uad70 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc7ac\ud3b8\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc5d0\ub974\uc0eb \uc7a5\uad70 \uc9d1\uad8c\uae30\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uac19\uc740 \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0 \uadf8\ub3c4 \uad70\uc758 \uac15\ud654\uc5d0 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubc18\uc815\ubd80 \uc2dc\uc704\uac00 \ub2e5\ucce4\uc744 \ub54c \uc2dc\uc704\uc9c4\uc555\uc744 \uba85\ub839\ubc1b\uc740 \uad70\uc740 \ubc18\uc815\ubd80 \uc2dc\uc704\ub97c \uc870\uc9c1\ud55c \uc591\ub2f9 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \ub9cc\ub098 \uad70\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c \uc720\uc9c0\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \ud611\uc0c1\uc744 \ubc8c\uc600\uace0, \uc5d0\ub974\uc0eb\uc740 \ucd95\ucd9c\ub420 \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\uc740 \uc815\uce58\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uacfc \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc744\uc9c0 \ubb3c\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
<AL\uc758 \uc218\uc7a5\uc774\uc790 \ud604 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ucd1d\ub9ac \uc170\uc774\ud06c \ud558\uc528\ub098(\uc67c\ucabd)\uc640 BNP\uc758 \uc218\uc7a5 \uce7c\ub808\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc544(\uc624\ub978\ucabd)><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud558\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ud615\uc740 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\uc601 \uac04\uc758 \ub300\ub9bd\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc5d0\ub974\uc0eb \uc0ac\ub9dd \uc774\ud6c4 \ubcf8\uaca9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc591\ub300\uc815\ub2f9, \uc544\uc640\ubbf8\ub9ac\uadf8(AL)\uc640 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ubbfc\uc871\uc8fc\uc758\ub2f9(Bangladesh Nationalist Party, BNP)\uc744 \uac01\uac01 \uc774\ub044\ub294 \ub450 \uc5ec\uc131 \uc815\uce58\uc778\uc778 \uc170\uc774\ud06c \ud558\uc528\ub098(Sheikh Hasina)\uc640 \uce7c\ub808\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc544(Khaleda Zia)\uac00 \uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uc8fc\uace0\ubc1b\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 1991~2006\ub144\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc911\ub3c4\uc6b0\ud30c \uc815\ub2f9\uc778 BNP\ub294 \uc6d0\ub798 \uad70\ucd9c\uc2e0 \uc778\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uc815\ub2f9\uc774\uace0 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uc744 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uadfc\uac70\ub85c \ub0b4\uc138\uc6b0\uba70 \uce5c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc785\uc7a5\uacfc \ubc18\uc778\ub3c4 \ub178\uc120\uc744 \ud45c\ubc29\ud588\uace0 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc774\ub77c\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \ub530\ub974\ub294 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud750\ub984\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub974\uac8c \uc911\ub3c4\uc88c\ud30c \uc815\ub2f9\uc778 AL\uc740 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uad70\ubd80\uc640 \uae34\ubc00\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac16\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\uace0, \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc804\uc7c1\uc758 \uc720\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uce5c\uc778\ub3c4 \uc131\ud5a5\uc774 \uac15\ud558\uace0 \ubc18\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc815\uc11c\uac00 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\uc774\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ucd1d\ub9ac\uc778 \ud558\uc528\ub098\uc758 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\ub97c \uc0b4\ud574\ud55c \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc98\ubc8c \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub41c \uac83\uc740 \uce7c\ub808\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc544\uc758 \uc8fd\uc740 \ub0a8\ud3b8\uc774 \ubc30\ub824\ud574 \uc900 \ub355\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc774 \ub450 \uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc6d0\ud55c\uad00\uacc4\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc0ac\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774 \ub450 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131 \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ub300\ub9bd\uc801 \uc785\uc7a5\uc744 \ub300\ubcc0\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc774 \ub450 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \uc0c1\ub300\ub2f9\uc758 \ub9d0\uc0b4\uc744 \uc9c0\ud5a5\ud558\ub294 \uad00\ud589\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc654\uace0, \uadf8 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \uac10\ub2f9\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc\ub294 \ubb34\uad00\ud55c \uacfc\ub3c4\uc815\ubd80(Caretaker Government, CTG)\uae4c\uc9c0 \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uae30\ub97c \ubc18\ubcf5\ud558\uba74\uc11c AL\uacfc BNP\uc640 CTG, 3\uc790\uc758 \uc815\uad8c \uc8fc\uace0\ubc1b\uae30\uac00 \uc804\uac1c\ub418\uc5b4 \uc628 \uac83\uc774 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ud604\ub300\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc774\ub2e4. \uc81c\ub85c\uc12c\uacfc \uc2b9\uc790\ub3c5\uc2dd\uc758 \uacb0\ub82c\ud55c \ub300\ub9bd \ubb38\ud654\uac00 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \uc815\uce58\ub97c \uaddc\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \ub418\ub2e4 \ubcf4\ub2c8, \u2018\uc120\uac70\uc81c \ub3c5\uc7ac\u2019(Croissant and Sch\u00e4chter 2010)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud45c\ud604\uc744 \uc4f0\uae30\ub3c4 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc120\uac70\uc5d0 \uae30\ucd08\ud55c \ubbfc\uc815\uccb4\uc81c\uac00 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801 \ub300\ub9bd\uc758 \ubb38\ud654 \uc18d\uc5d0 \ucd1d\ub9ac \uac1c\uc778\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uad70\ubd80\ub97c \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \uad00\ud589\uc774 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uba74\uc11c \u2018\uc120\uac70\uc81c \ub3c5\uc7ac\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uad6c\ub3c4\ub294 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ubbfc\u00b7\uad70 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\uc9d3\ub294 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \ub41c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc528\ub098\uc640 \uc9c0\uc544 \uc911 \ud55c \uba85\uc774 \uc218\uc0c1\uc774 \ub418\uba74 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uad6d\ubc29\uc7a5\uad00\uc744 \uacb8\uc784\ud558\uace0, \uad6d\ubc29\uc774\ub098 \uad70\ubd80\uad00\ub828 \uc778\uc0ac \ubc0f \uc758\uc0ac\uacb0\uc815\uc744 \uc218\uc0c1\uc2e4 \uc0b0\ud558\uc758 \uad70\uc815\ucc45\uc2e4(Armed Forces Division, AFD)\ub85c \uc9d1\uc911\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \uad6d\ubc29\ubd80\ub294 \ub0a8\uc740 \ud589\uc815 \ucc98\ub9ac\ub97c \ub9e1\ub294 \uaecd\ub370\uae30 \uae30\uad00\uc774 \ub41c \uc148\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790 \uac1c\uc778\uacfc \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc774\ud574\uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \ud611\uc0c1\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ubcf4\ud638\uc790-\ucd94\uc885\uc790 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. BNP\uc640 AL\uc758 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801 \ub300\ub9bd \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uc5fc\uc99d\uc744 \ub290\ub080 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 CTG\uac00 2007\ub144 1\uc6d4 \uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uc7a5\uc545\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ud658\uc601\ud588\ub2e4. 2007\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc744 \uc555\ubc15\ud574 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uadfc\uac70\ub85c \ud55c CTG\ub97c \uad00\ucca0\uc2dc\ucf30\uc744 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub294 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc774 \uac15\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 \uc2dc\uae30\uc600\ub2e4. 2008\ub144 AL\uac00 \uc2b9\ub9ac\ub97c \uac70\ub454 \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c\ub294 \ud604\uc7ac \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub294 \uc120\ucd9c\ub41c \ubb38\ubbfc\uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc9d1\uad8c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubbfc\uc815\uc138\ub825\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc900\uad70\uc0ac\uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc758\uc0ac\uacb0\uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uc218\uc0c1\uc2e4\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0 \ucda9\uc131\ud55c \uc7a5\uad50\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud61c\ud0dd\uc744 \ub298\ub9ac\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ud0dd\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ud615\uacfc \uc804\ub9dd<\/b><\/h5>\n

\ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uad6c\ub3c4\uac00 \ub300\ub9bd\uc801\uc77c \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\ub294 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub294 \ubc14\ub85c \uad6d\uac00 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\uc9d1\ub2e8 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uce5c\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4, \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uc9c0\ud5a5\uc758 \uc9c4\uc601\uacfc \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud30c\uc778 \uce5c\uc778\ub3c4 \uc9c4\uc601\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\ub9bd\uad6c\ub3c4\ub97c \uc774\ub8e8\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uad8c\ub825\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc218\uc0c1 \uac1c\uc778\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \ubbfc\u00b7\uad70 \uad00\uacc4\uc124\uc815\uc758 \uc138\ubd80\uc0ac\ud56d\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uad00\ud589\uc774 \uad73\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \ubb38\ubbfc\uc804\ud1b5 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \uc57d\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc815\uce58\uad8c\uc758 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801 \ub300\uacb0\uad6c\ub3c4\uac00 \uc6cc\ub099 \uac15\ud574\uc11c \uc815\uce58\uac00 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud574\uc9c0\uace0 \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uac1c\uc785\uc744 \uc790\ucd08\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \uc815\uce58\uc758 \ud604\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74 \uc5f4\uc545\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \ubb38\ubbfc\uc815\ubd80\ub97c \ub2f9\uc5f0\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uc758\uc2dd\uc774 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc5d0\ub294 \ubb34\ucc99 \uac15\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uaca0\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4\ub294 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub85c CTG\uac00 \uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uc7a5\uc545\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uad70\uc740 \uad70\uc815\ubcf4\uae30\uad00\uc774 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud589\uc815\ubd80\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \uac04\uc811\ud1b5\uce58\ub97c \uc120\ud638\ud588\uace0, \uc804\uba74\uc5d0 \ub098\uc11c\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \uc774 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uad70\uc740 \uad70\uc7a5\uad50\uc758 \uc815\ubd80 \uad00\ub8cc\uc9c1 \uc784\uc6a9\uc774\ub098 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uce58\uc548\uc720\uc9c0\uc758 \uacb0\uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uad70\uc774 \uac16\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \ub4f1 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uae30\ub4dd\uad8c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc870\uce58\ub97c \ucde8\ud574 \ub098\uac14\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c AL\uacfc BNP\uc758 \ub300\ub9bd\uad6c\ub3c4\ub97c \uc815\uce58\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub9e4\ub3c4\ud558\ub294 \uc120\uc804\uc744 \uc801\uc808\ud558\uac8c \uc798 \ud574 \ub098\uac04 \uba74\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4. 2009\ub144 \ubbfc\uc815\uc774 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c\uace0 \uad70\ubd80\uc815\uad8c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 1979\ub144\uacfc 1986\ub144\uc758 \uac1c\ud5cc\uc744 \ubb34\ud6a8\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc870\uce58\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc544\uc9c1\ub3c4 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uce58\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc774 \uac15\ud55c \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\ub294 \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58\ub97c \ub2f9\uc5f0\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc \ub300\ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \ud0dc\ub3c4\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \ud655\uc5f0\ud558\uac8c \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\ucc98\ub7fc \uad6d\ubbfc\ud615\uc131\uc758 \uacfc\uc81c \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud06c\uac8c \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uce58 \uccb4\uc81c\uac00 \uc720\uc9c0\ub420 \uac83\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub2f9\ubd84\uac04 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub420 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801 \ub300\ub9bd\uad6c\ub3c4\uc5d0 \uac07\ud78c \uc815\uce58\uad6c\ub3c4 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub098\ub984\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ubc1c\uc5b8\uad8c\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud560 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
<\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \uc778\ub3c4 \uad6d\uacbd \uc640\uac00(Wagah)\uc5d0\uc11c \ud589\ud574\uc9c0\ub294 \uc591\uad6d\uc758 \uad6d\uae30\ud558\uac15\uc2dd><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uad70\ubd80\uc640 \uc138 \ub098\ub77c\uc758 \ud604\uc548 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubbf8\ub798<\/b><\/h5>\n

\uc774\uc81c 2021\ub144 \uac00\uc7a5 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \ub274\uc2a4\ub4e4\uc744 \uc608\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c \ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 3\uad6d\uc758 \ud604\uc548\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc5d0 \uc65c \uad70\ubd80\ub97c \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud55c\uc9c0 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\uaca0\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ubb38\ubbfc\ud1b5\uc81c\ub294 \uad00\ub8cc\uc9c0\ubc30\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ube44\ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uacfc \uc804\ud22c\ub825 \uc57d\ud654\uc758 \ubd80\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2f8\uc6b0\ub294 \uad70\ub300\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac \ucc3d\ucd9c\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uad70\ub300\uac00 \uc720\uc9c0\ub41c \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \uc2ec\uac01\ud588\ub2e4. \ucca8\ub2e8\ubb34\uae30\ub97c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac70\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc774 \uc608\uc678 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc218\uc2ed \ub144 \uac04\uc758 \uc9c0\uccb4\uc640 \ubd80\uc815\ubd80\ud328\ub85c \uc5bc\ub8e9\uc84c\uace0, \uc678\uad6d\ubb34\uae30\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc778 \ub3c4\uc785\ub3c4 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc77c\ub300\uc77c\ub85c\uc0ac\uc5c5\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uad6c\uccb4\ud654\ub41c \uc9c0\uc5ed\ud328\uad8c\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc704\ud611\uc740 \uc774\uc81c \ud544\uc694\ud560 \ub54c \uc2f8\uc6b8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uad70\ub300\ub97c \uc694\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ud78c\ub450\uadfc\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758(hindutva)\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uad6d\uac00\uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc124\uc815 \ud558\uc5d0 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud5e4\uac8c\ubaa8\ub2c8\ub97c \uc7a5\uc545\ud55c \uc2e0\ud765\uc911\uc0b0\uce35\uc774 \ud604 \uc9d1\uad8c\uc138\ub825\uc744 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uad6c\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc790\uc720\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \uc785\uac01\ud55c \uad70\uc758 \ud604\ub300\ud654\uc640 \ud6a8\uc728\ud654\ub294 \uc5ec\ub860\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \ubc1b\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud3d0\uc9c0\ub41c \uad70\ucd1d\uc0ac\ub839\uad00 \uc9c1\uc774 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc124\uce58\ub418\uace0 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uad6d\ubc29\ud604\ub300\ud654 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ub9c9\ub300\ud55c \uc608\uc0b0\uc774 \ud22c\uc785\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uacac\uc81c\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc8fc\ub3c4 \ucffc\ub4dc(Quad)\uc5d0 \uac00\uc785\ud558\uace0 \ubd84\uc7c1\uc9c0\uc5ed \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc804\ud22c\uc5d0 \uc2e4\uc81c \ud22c\uc785\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uac00\uc131\ube44 \ub192\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0b0 \ubb34\uae30 \ub3c4\uc785\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc801\uadf9\uc801\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uc9c0\ud5a5\uc810\uc774\uc790 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc740 \ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc9c0\uc5ed\ud328\uad8c\uad6d\uc774\uc790 \uc778\ub3c4\uc591\uc758 \ud574\uc591 \ud328\uad8c\uad6d\uc774\ub2e4. 2021\ub144 \ub9d0 \uc2e4\uc81c \uacf5\uae09\uacfc \ubc30\uce58\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc0b0 S-400 \ubbf8\uc0ac\uc77c \ub3c4\uc785 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc774 \uc81c\uc7ac\ub97c \ucde8\ud560\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uc9c0 \uace4\ub780\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \ube60\uc838 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 \uacb0\ucf54 \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544 \uc0ac\uc774 \uc904\ud0c0\uae30\ub97c \ud3ec\uae30\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. 2011~2015\ub144\uacfc 2016~20\ub144\uc744 \ub300\ube44\ud560 \ub54c \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc0b0 \ubb34\uae30\ub3c4\uc785\uc774 33%\uac00 \uc904\uc5c8\ub2e4(Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740, \uc774 \uc904\ud0c0\uae30\uac00 \uc774\uc81c\uc57c \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\uace0, \ubbf8\uad6d \ubb34\uae30\ub85c \uc778\ub3c4 \ubb34\uae30\uccb4\uacc4\uac00 \ub300\uccb4\ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc774 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc544\uc9c1\ub3c4 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\ub294 \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \ubb34\uae30\ub3c4\uc785\uad6d\uc774\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\uc774 \uad6d\ub0b4\ubc95(CAATSA, 2017)\uc744 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud574\uc11c \ud130\ud0a4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\ucc98\ub7fc \uc81c\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ub098\uc11c\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\uac00 \ubc14\ub85c \uc778\ub3c4\uc758 \uad6d\ubc29\uc804\ub7b5\uc774\uc790 \uc678\uad50\uc804\ub7b5\uc758 \uc9c0\ud5a5\uc810\uc774 \ub108\ubb34\ub098 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ub300\uc778\ub3c4 \uc678\uad50\uc804\ub7b5 \uc804\uccb4 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub300\uc911\uad6d \ubd09\uc1c4\uc804\ub7b5\uc758 \ud070 \uadf8\ub9bc\uacfc \uc5bd\ud600 \uc788\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uc5ec\uc11c \ud070 \ud2c0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77d\uc5b4\ub0b4\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ub274\uc2a4\ub4e4\uc774 \ub2f9\ubd84\uac04 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub9ac\ub77c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
<\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4-\uc911\uad6d \uad6d\uacbd \ucfe4\uc790\ub78d \uace0\uac1c(Khunjerab pass)\uc758 \ubaa8\uc2b5><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \ube59\uc0b0\uc758 \ub178\ucd9c\ubd80\ub97c \uc2a4\ud3ec\uce20 \uc2a4\ud0c0 \ucd9c\uc2e0\uc758 \ud3ec\ud4f0\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc778 \uc784\ub780 \uce78(Imran Khan) \uc218\uc0c1\uc774 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uadf8 \uc544\ub798 \ube59\uc0b0\uc758 \uc7a0\uae34 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uce58\uad6c\ub3c4\ub97c \uad6c\ucd95\ud574\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \ubc00\ub9b0 \uc219\uc81c\ub97c \ud480\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ub294\ub370, \uad6d\uac00\ubd80\ub3c4 \uc0ac\ud0dc\ub97c \ub9de\uc544\uc57c \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \uae34 \uc138\uc6d4 \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc628 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c \ud0c8\ucd9c\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. 2021\ub144 12\uc6d4 5\uc77c \uc0ac\uc6b0\ub514\uc544\ub77c\ube44\uc544\uac00 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc911\uc559\uc740\ud589\uc5d0 30\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc758 \uc678\ud654\ub97c \uc785\uae08\ud574 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uad6d\uac00\ub85c\uc11c\ub294 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \ud575\ubb34\uc7a5\uad6d\uc774\uc790 \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uc694\ucda9\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud55c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc5d0 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uad8c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e0\uacbd\uc744 \uc368 \uc628\uc9c0\ub294 \uc624\ub798 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad70\ubd80 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub41c \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc7a5\uc545 \uc791\uc804\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c \uc131\uacf5\ud574\uc11c, \uc778\ub3c4\uac00 5\ub9cc \ud1a4\uc758 \ubc00\uc744 \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ud611\uc870\uc640 \ud5c8\ub77d\uc744 \uad6c\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubab0\uace0 \uc654\uc73c\ub2c8 \ub9d0\uc774\ub2e4. 2021\ub144 12\uc6d4 3\uc77c\uc5d0 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ub3c4 \uce21\uc5d0 \uc640\uac00(Wagah) \uad6d\uacbd\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ud2b8\ub7ed\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c \uc6b4\uc1a1\ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc81c\uc548\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \ub9e4\uac1c\ub85c \uc5bb\uc5b4\uc628 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub41c \uc9c0\uae08 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uacbd\uc81c\ub09c\uc744 \ud574\uacb0\ud574 \uac08 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0\uac00 \ud575\uc2ec \uc0ac\uc548\uc774\ub2e4. \uad6d\ub0b4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uad70\ubd80\uc790\ubcf8(Milbus)\uc758 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801 \uac1c\ud601 \uc5c6\uc774 \uad6d\uc81c\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uacbd\uc7c1\ub825\uc744 \uac16\ucd94\uae30\ub294 \uc5b4\ub835\uac8c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. 2021\ub144 10\uc6d4\uc5d0 \uad70\ucd1d\uc0ac\ub839\uad00\uc774\uc790 \uc2e4\uad8c\uc790\uc778 \ubc14\uc988\uc640(Q. J. Bajwa) \uc7a5\uad70\uc740 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc815\ubcf4\uae30\uad00(Inter-Services Intelligence, ISI) \ucc45\uc784\uc790\uc778 \ud558\ubbff(F. Hameed) \uc7a5\uad70\uc744 \uc548\uc90c(N. Anjum) \uc7a5\uad70\uc73c\ub85c \uad50\uccb4\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4. \ud56d\uc0c1 \ud615\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \uc808\ucc28\uc5d0\ub9cc \uadf8\uce58\ub358 \uc784\uba85\uc808\ucc28\ub97c \uc784\ub780 \uce78 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uac00 \uac70\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ud0dc\uac00 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0, \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc548\uc815\uad6c\ub3c4\uc5d0 \uade0\uc5f4\uc774 \uc788\uc744\uc9c0 \uae34\uc7a5\ub418\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \ubc14\uc988\uc640 \ucd1d\uc0ac\ub839\uad00 \ud6c4\uc784\uc774 \ub418\uc790\uba74 \uc57c\uc804\uc0ac\ub839\uad00 \uacbd\ub825\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ud558\ubbff \uc7a5\uad70\uc774 ISI\ub97c \ub118\uaca8\uc8fc\ub824\uace0 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc784\ub780 \uce78\uc740 \uc9c0\ub09c \uc120\uac70\uc5d0\uc11c\u2500\ud22c\ud45c\uc870\uc791\uc744 \uc2e4\ud589\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc5b8\ub860\ubcf4\ub3c4\ub098 \uc77c\ubd80 \uacf5\ub860\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.\u2500\uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ub2f9\uc120\uc744 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud588\ub358 \ud558\ubbff \uc7a5\uad70\uc774 \ubb3c\ub7ec\ub098\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uacb0\uc0ac \uc800\uc9c0\ud558\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc784\ub780 \uce78\uc758 \ubd80\uc778\uc774 \uc8fc\uc220\uc0ac\uc774\uace0, \uc774 \uc778\uc0ac\ub97c \ub9c9\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0ac\uac00 \ub2ec\ub838\ub2e4\uace0 \uc870\uc5b8\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc5b8\ub860\uc5d0 \ubcf4\ub3c4\ub41c \uc0ac\uc2e4\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uc784\ub780 \uce78\uc774 \uc591\ubcf4\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ub9c8\uac10\ub41c \uc774 \uc778\uc0ac \uc0ac\ud0dc\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ubbf8\ub798\ub97c \uc77d\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \uc77c\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc9c0\ud5a5\uc810\uacfc \uad70\ubd80 \ub0b4\uc758 \uc0ac\uc815\uc744 \uc77d\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \uc2dc\uac01\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud568\uc744 \uc798 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b4 \uc900\ub2e4. \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uadf8 \uc9c0\uc18d\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uc758\uc2ec\ubc1b\ub294 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud55c \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \ub2aa\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uacb0\ub2e8 \uc5c6\uc774 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud574 \ubcf4\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 2021\ub144 2\uc6d4 10\uc77c \uc57c\ub2f9\uc778 BNP\uac00 \uad70\uc0ac\ub839\uad00\uc758 \ub450 \ud615\uc81c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0ac\ub839\uad00\uc758 \ubd88\ubc95\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544 \uc774\uc2a4\ub77c\uc5d8\uc81c \uac10\uc2dc\uc7a5\ube44\ub97c \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\uace0 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \ucde8\ud588\uc73c\uba70 \ud558\uc528\ub098 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uac00 \ubb35\uc778\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0, \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c UN \ucc28\uc6d0\uc758 \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc694\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub098\uc130\ub2e4. \uad70 \uc778\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \uc870\uc9c1\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\uc774\uace0 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uce5c\uad70\ubd80\uc801\uc778 BNP\uac00 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \ud558\uace0 \ub098\uc120 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\ucc99 \ub73b\ubc16\uc758 \uc77c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc120 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uc758 \uc720\uc5d4\ud3c9\ud654\uc720\uc9c0\uad70 \ud30c\ubcd1\uc774 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uaddc\ubaa8\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc544\uc8fc \ud070 \uaddc\ubaa8\uc778\ub370\ub2e4, \uc774\ub97c \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \uc218\uc785\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ub17c\ub780\uc740 \uad6d\uc81c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc624\ub798\ub41c \uac83\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc774\uc2a4\ub77c\uc5d8\uc81c(!) \ub3c4\uccad\uacfc \uac10\uc2dc\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc7a5\ube44\uac00 \uc57c\ub2f9 \ud0c4\uc555\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc57c\ub2f9\uc774 \uacf5\uc2dd\ud654 \ud558\uace0, \uc720\uc5d4 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc778\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \u201c\ubd80\uc815\ubd80\ud328 \uc5f0\ub8e8 \uc758\ud639\uc740 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub41c\ub2e4.\u201d\ub294 \ubc1c\uc5b8\uc744 \ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc678\uad50\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub300\ub450\ub418\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uad70\uc774 \uc774\uc81c\ub294 \uc9d1\uad8c\ub2f9\uc778 AL\uc5d0 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \ubcf4\ub0b4\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc5d0\ub294 \uadfc\uac70\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ud575\uc2ec\uc740 2009\ub144 \ubc1c\ud45c\ub41c \u201c\uad70 \uccad\uc0ac\uc9c4 2030\u201d(Forces Goal 2030) \uacc4\ud68d\uc774\ub2e4. \uc721\u00b7\ud574\u00b7\uacf5 3\uad70\uc758 \uc785\uccb4\uc801 \uc791\uc804\ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \ubc30\uc591\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uacc4\ud68d\uc778\ub370, AL\uc758 \uc9d1\uad8c \uc774\ud6c4 \uad6d\ubc29\uc608\uc0b0\uc774 123% \uc99d\uc561\ub41c \uc0ac\uc2e4\uacfc \ub9de\ubb3c\ub824 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc815\uce58\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uc528\ub098 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uac00 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \ucda9\uc131\uc744 \ube44\uc2fc \uac12\uc5d0 \uc0c0\ub2e4\ub294 \ub17c\ud3c9\uc774 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \uadfc\uac70\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uad70\uc218\ubb3c\uc790 \ub3c4\uc785\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud1b5\uc81c\uc640 \ud22c\uba85\uc131\uc740 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \uc815\uce58\uad8c\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\uc815\ubd80\ud328 \ud610\uc758\ub294 \uc77c\uc0c1\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc774\uc288\uc5ec\uc11c, \uce7c\ub808\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc544\ub294 \uc544\uc9c1\ub3c4 \ubd80\uc815\ubd80\ud328 \ud610\uc758\ub85c \uc7ac\ud310\uc744 \ubc1b\ub294 \uc911\uc774\uace0, \ud604 \uc218\uc0c1 \ud558\uc528\ub098\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubb34\ud610\uc758 \ud310\uc815\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc774\ub2e4. \ubd84\uba85\ud558\uac8c \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub098\ub294 \uc678\ubd80 \uc704\ud611\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc758 \ubb34\uae30 \uad6c\uc785\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \uc720\uc5d4\ud3c9\ud654\uc720\uc9c0\uad70 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \ub2f5\ub9cc \uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \ub300\ud615 \uad6d\ucc45 \uac74\uc124\uc0ac\uc5c5\uc758 \uc218\ud589\uc5d0 \uad70\ubd80\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\uc2dc\ucf1c\uc11c, \ube67\ub9c8\ub300\uad50(Padma bridge) \uac74\uc124\uc774\ub098 \ub85c\ud79d\uc57c \ub09c\ubbfc \uc218\uc6a9\uc2dc\uc124(Bhashan Char) \uac1c\ubc1c \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc5d0 \uad70\ubd80\uac00 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c \uad6d\ubbfc\uad6d\uac00 \uc720\uc9c0\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uac74\uc124\uc0ac\uc5c5\uc758 \uc774\uad8c\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\ub2f5\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 \uad00\ucca0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \uad70\ubd80\ub294 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 \ubcf5\uc9c0\uc7ac\ub2e8\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \ucd5c\ub300\uc758 \uc7ac\ubc8c\ub85c \uc790\ub9ac \uc7a1\uace0 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uad70\ubd80\uc758 \uc804\ucca0\uc744 \ubc1f\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \uc911\ucc28\ub300\ud55c \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\uba70, \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ud615\uc758 \uacb0\uc815\uc801 \uc694\uc18c\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uc800\uc790\uc18c\uac1c<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\uac15\uc131\uc6a9(citerphil@snu.ac.kr)<\/strong>\uc740
\n\uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50 \uc778\ubb38\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0 \ubd80\uad50\uc218\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub3c5\uc77c \ud568\ubd80\ub974\ud06c(Hamburg)\ub300\ud559\uad50\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ub3c4\ud559,\u00a0\ucca0\ud559,\u00a0\ud2f0\ubcb3\ud559\uc744 \uc804\uacf5\ud558\uc5ec \ubc15\uc0ac\ud559\uc704\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\uace0 \uc624\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub9ac\uc544 \ube48(Wien)\ub300\ud559\uc5d0 \uadfc\ubb34\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ub77c\ud638\ub974 \uc18c\uc7ac \uc6b8\ub108(Woolner)\uceec\ub809\uc158\uc758 \uad6d\uc81c\ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8\ub97c \uc9c4\ud589\uc2dc\ud0a8 \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc9c0\uae08\uc740 \uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc13c\ud130\uc7a5\uc744 \ub9e1\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 <Die Debatte im alten Indien>\uacfc <\ube60\ub2c8\ub2c8 \uc77d\uae30> \ub4f1\uc758 \uc800\uc791\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \uac15\uc131\uc6a9. 2020. \uff62\uc778\ub3c4\uc5d0\ub294 \uc65c \uad70\ubd80 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294\uac00?: \uc778\ub3c4\uad70\uc758 \uc704\uc0c1\uacfc \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \ub9e5\ub77d\uff63, EMERICs (\ub300\uc678\uacbd\uc81c\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0) \uc2e0\ud765\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc815\ubcf4 \uc885\ud569\uc9c0\uc2dd\ud3ec\ud0c8 \uc804\ubb38\uac00\uc624\ud53c\ub2c8\uc5b8. (https:\/\/www.emerics.org:446\/issueDetail.es?brdctsNo=303455&mid=a10200000000&systemcode=02)<\/li>\n
  • Ali, Sheikh R. 1988. \u201cSouth Asian Politics: The Military Dimension.\u201d Journal of Third World Studies<\/i> 5.1, 39-50.<\/li>\n
  • Cohen, Stephen P. 1990. The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation<\/i>. Delhi: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n
  • Croissant, Aurel and Teresa Sch\u00e4chter. 2010. \u201cInstitutional patterns in the new democracies of Asia: Forms, origins and consequences.\u201d Japanese Journal of Political Science<\/i>, 11.2, 173\u2013197.<\/li>\n
  • Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, Philip Lorenz and Paul W. Chambers. 2013. Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia<\/i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/li>\n
  • Moore, Raymond A. 1969. \u201cMilitary Nation-Building in Pakistan and India.\u201d World Affairs<\/i> 132.3, 219-234.<\/li>\n
  • Rizvi, Hasan-Askari. 2000. Military, State and Society in Pakistan<\/i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan<\/li>\n
  • Siddiqa, Ayesha. 2007. Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan\u2019s Military Economy<\/i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n
  • Tudor, Maya. 2013. The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan<\/i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n
  • Wilkinson, Steven I. 2015. Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy since Independence<\/i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \uac15\uc131\uc6a9 (\uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50) \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc810: \uc601\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \ubd84\ud560\ub3c5\ub9bd \uc694\uc998 \u201c\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\u201d\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\ub85c \uc9c0\uce6d\ub418\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \uc778\ub3c4\ub294 1947\ub144 \uc601\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \uc778\ub3c4\ub85c \ubd84\ud560\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \ubd84\ud560 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ub3d9\u00b7\uc11c\ub85c \ub098\ub258\uc5b4 \uc788\ub358 \ud30c\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc29\uae00\ub77c\ub370\uc26c\uac00 1971\ub144 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774 \uac19\uace0, \uac19\uc740 \ubfcc\ub9ac\uc758 \ub300\uc601\uc81c\uad6d \uad70\ub300\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \uc774\uc5b4\ubc1b\uc740 \ubaa8\ubcd1\uc81c \uae30\ubc18 \uc804\ubb38\uc9c1 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c \uad70 \uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uac01 \ub098\ub77c\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uad70\uc774 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \ube44\uc911 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5524,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[178,274,520,47,775,644],"class_list":["post-5517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-36","tag-178","tag-274","tag-520","tag-47","tag-775","tag-644"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5517","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5517"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5517\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5552,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5517\/revisions\/5552"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}