{"id":4659,"date":"2020-09-17T17:21:43","date_gmt":"2020-09-17T08:21:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=4659"},"modified":"2020-10-08T09:23:44","modified_gmt":"2020-10-08T00:23:44","slug":"%ec%a4%91%ec%95%99%ec%95%84%ec%8b%9c%ec%95%84%ec%9d%98-%ec%9e%a5%ea%b8%b0%ec%a7%91%ea%b6%8c-%ea%b6%8c%ec%9c%84%ec%a3%bc%ec%9d%98-%ec%a0%95%ec%b9%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=4659","title":{"rendered":"\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><b>\uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8 <\/b>(\uc720\ub77c\uc2dc\uc544\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0)<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\ube57\ub098\uac04 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc774\ud589\ub860<\/b><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc911\u00b7\ub3d9 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ud0c8\uacf5\uc0b0\ud654\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 1991\ub144 12\uc6d4 \uc18c\uc5f0\ubc29\uc774 \ud574\uccb4\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc815\uce58\ud559\uc790 \ubc0f \uc5b8\ub860\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uc18c\uc5f0\ubc29 \uad6c\uc131\uad6d\ub4e4\uc774 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uccb4\uc81c\ub85c \ubcc0\ud654 \ubc0f \ubc1c\uc804, \uc989 \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019(transition to democracy)\uc744 \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc804\ub9dd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 2004\ub144 EU\uc640 NATO \uac00\uc785\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\u00b7\uc548\ubcf4 \uc9c8\uc11c\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc785\ud55c \ubc1c\ud2b8 3\uad6d\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud558\uace0 \uc5ec\ud0c0 12\uac1c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud504\ub9ac\ub364\ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4(Freedom House)\ub294 \uc5ec\ud0c0 12\uac1c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc744 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \u2018\uacfc\ub3c4\uae30\uc801 \ub610\ub294 \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \uc815\uad8c\u2019(Transitional or Hybrid Regime: \uc6b0\ud06c\ub77c\uc774\ub098, \ubab0\ub3c4\ubc14, \uc870\uc9c0\uc544), \u2018\ubc18(\u534a) \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub41c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uad8c\u2019(Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime; \uc544\ub974\uba54\ub2c8\uc544), \u2018\uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub41c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uad8c\u2019(Consolidated Authoritarian Regime: \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544, \ubca8\ub77c\ub8e8\uc2a4, \uc544\uc81c\ub974\ubc14\uc774\uc794, \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d)\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.(Freedom House, 2020)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 \uc218\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\ub4e4\uc774 \ud0c8\uacf5\uc0b0\ud654\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uccb4\uc81c \uc804\ud658\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\uba74\uc11c \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub099\uad00\ub860\uc774 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc11c\ubc29 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4 \ubc0f \uad6d\uc81c\uae30\uad6c\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubd84\uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc2b9\ud574 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \uc544\ub07c\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uad6d\uc81c\uc0ac\ud68c \ub610\ub294 \uc11c\ubc29\uc138\uacc4\uc758 \uae30\ub300\uc640\ub294 \ub2ec\ub9ac 1990\ub144\ub300 \uc911\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uac00 \uc810\ucc28 \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ud504\ub9ac\ub364\ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub294\u00a01998\ub144 \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c \uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \uc9c0\uadf9\ud788 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc778 \ubc18\uc815\ubd80 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc744 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \u2018\ub3c5\uc7ac\uad6d\uac00\u2019, \uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\u00b7\ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba54\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\u00b7\ud0c0\uc9c0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \u2018\uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub41c \ub3c5\uc7ac\uad6d\uac00\u2019, \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \u2018\uc774\ud589\uae30 \uad6d\uac00\u2019 \ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.(Freedom House, 1998)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud55c\ud3b8 2011\ub144 1\uc6d4 \ud280\ub2c8\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \ud601\uba85\uc774 \uc911\ub3d9\u00b7\ubd81\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\ub85c \ud655\uc0b0\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc18c\uc704 \u2018\uc544\ub78d\uc758 \ubd04\u2019(Arab Spring)\uc774 \ubc1c\ubc1c\ud558\uc790, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc774 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uad6d\uac00\uc778 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\ub85c \ud655\uc0b0\ub420 \uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\uc81c\uc801 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \ube44\ub4f1\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 2005\ub144\uacfc 2010\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc774 \uad50\uccb4\ub41c \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud55c 4\uac1c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc120 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc774 \ubc1c\ubc1c\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac00 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc 3-4\ub144 \uc804\ubd80\ud130 \uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc0ac\ub9dd\uacfc \uc870\uae30 \uc0ac\uc784\uc73c\ub85c \ucd5c\uace0 \ub9ac\ub354\uc2ed \uad50\uccb4\uac00 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uba74\uc11c \uc774\ub4e4 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uad6d\ub0b4\uc678 \uc815\ucc45\ubcc0\ud654\uc640 \uc774\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc5ed\ub0b4\uc815\uc138\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\uc81c\uc801 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ubcf8 \uae00\uc740 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uc815\uce58\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uacfc \ud604\ud669, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8 \ubc30\uacbd\uc744 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc815\uce58\uc758 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc744 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58 \ud0c4\uc0dd \ubc30\uacbd <\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><i>\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uc81c\ub3c4 \uac1c\ud601 <\/i><i>: <\/i><i>\ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc81c\uc640 \uc758\ud68c\uc81c\ub3c4 \ub3c4\uc785<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc81c\ub294 \uace0\ub974\ubc14\ucd08\ud504 \uc18c\ub828\uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9 \uc11c\uae30\uc7a5\uc774 1990\ub144 \ud589\uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uac15\ud654\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c \uac1c\ud601\uc744 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uac15\ub825\ud558\uac8c \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc81c\ub97c \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc18c\ub828 \ud5cc\ubc95(\uae30\ubcf8\ubc95)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74 15\uac1c \uacf5\ud654\uad6d\uc740 \uc5f0\ubc29\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc81c\ub3c4 \ubcc0\uacbd \ub610\ub294 \uac1c\ud601\uacfc \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\uac8c \uc815\uce58\uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \ubcc0\uacbd \ub610\ub294 \uac1c\ud601\ud574\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc544\ub798\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc740 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc81c\uc640 \uc758\ud68c\uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \uc0c8\ub86d\uac8c \ub3c4\uc785\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 \uc2e0\ud5cc\ubc95 \ucc44\ud0dd\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 3\uad8c\ubd84\ub9bd\uc5d0 \uae30\ucd08\ud55c \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc81c\ub97c \ud655\ub9bd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4782\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4782\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4782 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7.png 800w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7-696x392.png 696w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image01-7-747x420.png 747w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4782\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 \ucd08\uae30 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \ubc0f \uc758\ud68c\uc81c\ub3c4 \ub3c4\uc785 \ud604\ud669* <\/strong><br \/>\ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uad8c\ub825 \uac15\ud654 \ubc0f \uc57d\ud654, \uc758\ud68c\uc758 \uad6c\uc870 \ubc0f \uc758\uc11d\uc218 \uc870\uc815\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud5cc\ubc95 \uac1c\uc815\uc774 \uc218 \ucc28\ub840 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc740 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc6d0\uce59, \uc989 \uc778\uad8c, \uc758\ud68c \uc120\uac70, \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc81c, \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95 \uc6b0\uc704 \ub4f1\uc744 \uc874\uc911\ud558\ub294 \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc815\uce58\uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \uac1c\ud601\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 1990\ub144\ub300 \uc911\ubc18\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc640 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \uae30\ucd08\ud574 \uc815\uce58\uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \ud655\ub9bd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc790\uc720\uc120\uac70\uc640 \ub2e4\ub2f9\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc774 \uc120\ucd9c\ub418\uace0 \uc758\ud68c\uac00 \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\ub97c \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ud589\ud560 \uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \uad6c\ucd95\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\uc758 \uc2dc\ud589<\/i><i>, \u2018<\/i><i>\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589<\/i><i>\u2019<\/i><i>\uc2e4\ud328<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 1990\ub144\ub300 \uc911\ubc18 \uc774\ud6c4 \uad6d\uc81c\uae30\uad6c\uc640 \uc790\uad6d \ub0b4 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\uc758 \uc6d0\uce59\ub4e4\uc774 \ud604\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ud589\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ube44\ud310\uc774 \uc81c\uae30\ub418\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc640 \uc6d0\uce59\ub4e4\uc744 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud5cc\ubc95\uc5d0 \uba85\ubb38\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub97c \uc815\uce58\uc81c\ub3c4\ud654 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub97c \ud604\uc2e4\uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c0\ubc30\uc801\uc778 \ud1b5\uce58\uc6d0\uce59\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ud589\ud558\ub294 \ub370\ub294 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4 \uac04 \uc57d\uac04\uc758 \ucc28\uc774, \ud2b9\ud788 \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \uc5ec\ud0c0 4\uac1c\uad6d \uac04 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc 1990\ub144\ub300 \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019\uc774 \uc131\uacf5\uc744 \uac70\ub450\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\uc744 \uba87 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc9c0\uc801\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ucfe0\ucf00\uc608\ubc14\uc640 \uc26c\uce74\ub8e8\uc545(Kukeyeva &amp; Shkapyak, 2013)\uc740 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uac1c\ud601\uc774 \ubd88\ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uac8c \ucd94\uc9c4\ub41c \uc694\uc778\uc744 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uc815\ub9ac\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uccab\uc9f8\ub294 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uc9e7\uc740 \uccb4\uc81c\uc774\ud589 \uae30\uac04\uc774\ub2e4. \uc18c\ub828\uc774 \ubd95\uad34\ub41c \ud6c4 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uc911\uc559\uc9d1\uad8c\uc801 \uc815\uce58\uad8c\ub825\uacfc \uacbd\uc81c\uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc810\uc9c4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc9c4\ud654\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \ubc0f \uc2dc\uc7a5\uacbd\uc81c\ub85c\uc758 \uccb4\uc81c\uc804\ud658\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud560 \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub458\uc9f8, \uc774\ub4e4 \uad6d\uac00\ub294 \uc11c\ubc29\uc138\uacc4\uc640 \uba85\ubc31\ud788 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801, \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ud1a0\ub300 \uc704\uc5d0 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \uac74\uc124\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\ud68c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc804\uc81c \uc870\uac74, \uc989 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uad8c\uc704 \uae30\uad00, \uc790\uc720\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc815\uc2e0, \uc0ac\uc801 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c\uc5d0 \uae30\ucd08\ud55c \uc2dc\uc7a5\uacbd\uc81c, \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c \ub4f1\uc774 \ubd80\uc7ac\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uad6c\uc131\uc6d0\uc774 \ud1b5\uce58 \ub610\ub294 \uc758\uc0ac\uacb0\uc815\uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub85c \ucc38\uc5ec\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uad8c\ub825 \uc704\uc784\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\ub294 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\ub97c \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uacbd\ud5d8\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\ubd80 \ub2f9\uad6d\uc774 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc744 \uc815\uce58\uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \uc804\ud600 \ucc38\uc5ec\uc2dc\ud0a4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac70\ub098 \uc811\uadfc\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\ub294 \ub4f1 \ud2b9\uc815 \ud328\ud134\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\ub97c \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \uc57c\ub2f9\uc740 \ud30c\ud3b8\ud654\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uace0 \uba85\ud655\ud55c \uc804\ub7b5\uc774\ub098 \uc815\uc758\ub41c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ubaa9\ud45c\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc57d\ud558\uace0 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \uac74\uc124\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucc38\uc5ec\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>\u2018<\/i><i>\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc2dd \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \ubaa8\ub378<\/i><i>\u2019: <\/i><i>\uc815\uce58 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uacbd\uc81c\ubc1c\uc804\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc548\uc815\uc744 \uc6b0\uc120\ud558\ub294 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58 \uc120\ud638<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1990\ub144\ub300 \uc911\ubc18 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc758\ud68c\ub97c \ud655\ub9bd\ud558\uace0 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uc120\uac70\ub97c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc778 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uac00\uc838\uc624\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ubd84\uba85\ud574\uc9c0\uc790 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \ud559\uc790 \ubc0f \uc815\ucc45\uacb0\uc815\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc758\uacac\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uac01\uad6d\uc758 \uc815\uce58\ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uacbd\ub85c\ub97c \ub17c\uc758\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uacfc \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc11c\uad6c\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \ubaa8\ub378\uacfc\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc790\uad6d\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac, \uc804\ud1b5, \ubb38\ud654 \ubc0f \uc815\uc2e0\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub97c \ub454 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\ub97c \uc120\ud638\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uacfc \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\uce58\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uacbd\uc81c\ubc1c\uc804\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc548\uc815\uc744 \uc6b0\uc120\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \u2018\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc2dd \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \ubaa8\ub378\u2019, \ud2b9\ud788 \uacfc\uac70 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uad8c \ud558\uc758 \ud55c\uad6d, \uc2f1\uac00\ud3ec\ub974\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \ubaa8\ub378\uc744 \uc120\ud638\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.(Kukeyeva &amp; Shkapyak, 2013) \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ucd5c\uace0 \uc815\uce58 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uad6d\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc8fc\uc694 \uad6d\ub0b4\uc678 \uc815\ucc45 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud558\uc600\uace0, \uad6d\uac00\uc640 \uad6d\uac00\uad8c\ub825\uc758 \uc0c1\uc9d5 \ubc0f \uc218\ud638\uc790\ub85c\uc11c \uad70\ub9bc\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ud1b5\uce58\uad8c \uac15\ud654\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \uc57c\ub2f9\uc744 \ubb34\ub825\ud654\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ubc18\uc815\ubd80 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc744 \ud0c4\uc555\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \ud1b5\uce58 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uad8c\ub825\ud655\ub300\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0, \uc774\ub294 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uae30\uad6c\uc640 \uacfc\uc815\uc758 \uc9c8\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uba74\uc11c \uacf5\ud3c9\ud55c \uacf5\uc9c1 \uc120\uac70 \ubc0f \ud22c\ud45c \ucc38\uc5ec, \ubc95\uce58, \uc815\ucc45\uacb0\uc815\uacfc \uc9d1\ud589\uc758 \ud22c\uba85\uc131 \ub4f1\uc744 \uc800\ud574\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801 \uc790\uc720\uc778 \uc5b8\ub860\uc758 \uc790\uc720, \ucd9c\ud310\uc758 \uc790\uc720, \uc885\uad50\uc758 \uc790\uc720, \uc9d1\ud68c\uacb0\uc0ac\uc758 \uc790\uc720 \ub4f1\uc774 \uc5b5\uc555\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc2ec\uac01\ud558\uac8c \uc81c\ud55c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uad8c\ub825\uac15\ud654\ub294 \uc758\ud68c\uc640 \uc0ac\ubc95\ubd80\uc758 \uad8c\ud55c\uacfc \uae30\ub2a5 \uc57d\ud654\ub97c \ucd08\ub798\ud558\uc600\uace0, \uc774\ub4e4 \uae30\uad00\uc758 \ud589\uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc758\uc874\ub3c4\ub97c \uc99d\ub300\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc544\ub798 \uadf8\ub798\ud504\uac00 \uc99d\uba85\ud574 \uc8fc\ub4ef\uc774 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4\uac00 2005\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uc591\ud0dc\ub97c \ubb34\ub108\ud2b8\ub9b0 \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud558\uace4 \ud0c8\uacf5\uc0b0\ud654\ub41c \uad6d\uac00 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc5d0 \uba38\ubb3c\ub7ec \uc788\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc544\ub798 \uadf8\ub798\ud504\ub294 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac00 \uc7a5\uae30\ud654\ub418\uba74\uc11c \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\uac00 \ub300\uccb4\ub85c \ud6c4\ud1f4\ud558\uc600\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4783\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4783\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4783 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4.png 800w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4-696x392.png 696w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image02-4-747x420.png 747w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4783\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4(Democracy Score) \ucd94\uc774<a href=\"#1\">1)<\/a><\/strong><br \/>\ucd9c\ucc98: Freedom House, 2020<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804 \uacfc\uc815<\/b><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc758 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c4 \ud604\uc0c1\uc740 2005\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uc815\uce58\ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \ud601\ud30c\ud55c \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud558\uace0 \uc5ec\ud0c0 4\uac1c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \ud604\uc0c1\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c \uce74\ub9ac\ubaa8\ud504(Islam Karimov) \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uae09\uc0ac(2016. 9)\uc640 \uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504(Nursultan Nazarbaev) \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc870\uae30 \uc0ac\uc784(2019. 3)\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub4e4 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \ub05d\ub0ac\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba54\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \ud0c0\uc9c0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc740 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\uc790\uc138\uc2b5\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uc815\uce58\ud604\uc0c1\uc740 \uc5ec\ud0c0 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc \ube44\uad50\ud574 \ubcfc \ub54c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub3c5\ud2b9\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4784\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4784\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image03-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4784 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image03-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image03-5.png 450w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image03-5-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image03-5-291x420.png 291w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4784\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc7ac\uc784 \uae30\uac04(2020\ub144 8\uc6d4 \ud604\uc7ac)<\/strong><br \/>\uc8fc: \uad04\ud638 \uc548\uc758 \uc5f0\ub3c4\ub294 \uc7ac\uc784\uae30\uac04<br \/>\uadf8\ub9bc \ucd9c\ucc98: Wikicommons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>\ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c <\/i><i>: <\/i><i>\uc784\uae30 \uc5f0\uc7a5 \ub610\ub294 \uc5f0\uc784 \uaddc\uc815 \ubb34\ud6a8\ud654 \uc870\uce58<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uacbd\ub85c\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uccb4\uc81c\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud6c4 3\uad8c \ubd84\ub9bd\uc5d0 \uc785\uac01\ud55c \ud5cc\ubc95\uc744 \ucc44\ud0dd\ud588\uc73c\ub098, \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc774 \ub9c9\uac15\ud55c \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \ud589\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uc600\uace0, \uc758\ud68c\ub294 \uc9d1\uad8c\ub2f9\uc774 \uc555\ub3c4\uc801\uc778 \ub2e4\uc218\ub97c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 1.5 \uc815\ub2f9\uccb4\uc81c\uac00 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud5cc\ubc95 \uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc784\uae30\ub97c \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc5f0\uc784\uaddc\uc815\uc744 \ubb34\ud6a8\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc870\uce58\ub97c \ucde8\ud574 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uc758 \uae38\uc744 \uc5f4\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4785\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4785\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4785 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5.png 800w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5-696x392.png 696w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image04-5-747x420.png 747w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4785\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc784\uae30 \uc5f0\uc7a5\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud5cc\ubc95 \uac1c\uc815<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc18c\ub828 \ub9d0\uae30\uc778 1990\ub144 4\uc6d4 \uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4 \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758 \uc758\uc7a5\uc774\ub358 \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504\ub294 \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ucd9c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 1995\ub144 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc784\uae30\uac00 2000\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc5f0\uc7a5\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, 1999\ub144 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \uc870\uae30 \ub300\uc120\uacfc 2005\ub144 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504\uac00 \uac01\uac01 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 2007\ub144 \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">2<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">\ubc88<\/span> \uc5f0\uc784 \uaddc\uc815\uc744 \ucca0\ud3d0\ud558\uc600\uace0 \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504\uc758 \uc885\uc2e0 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uae38\uc774 \uc5f4\ub838\ub2e4. \uc758\ud68c\ub294 2010\ub144 \uc911\ubc18 \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc790\uc0b0\ubcf4\uc7a5\uacfc \ubd88\uae30\uc18c \ud2b9\uad8c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uad6d\uac00 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790(Leader of Nation)\uc778 \u2018\uc5d8\ubc14\uc2dc(El Basy)\uc758 \uce6d\ud638\ub97c \ubd80\uc5ec\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc758\ud68c\ub294 2010\ub144 12\uc6d4 \ud5a5\ud6c4 2\ubc88\uc758 \ub300\uc120 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub97c \ucde8\uc18c\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \uc81c\uc548\ud588\uc73c\ub098 2011\ub144 1\uc6d4 \ud5cc\ubc95\uc7ac\ud310\uc18c\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uac01\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 2011\ub144 4\uc6d4, 2015\ub144 \ub300\uc120\uc774 \uac01\uac01 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504\uac00 \uc555\ub3c4\uc801\uc778 \ub2e4\uc218\ud45c(\uc57d 95%)\ub97c \uc5bb\uc5b4 \uc5f0\uc784\uc5d0 \uc131\uacf5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub098\uc774, \uac74\uac15 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \ud6c4\uacc4\uc790\ub97c \ubb3c\uc0c9\ud558\ub358 \ub098\uc790\ub974\ubc14\uc608\ud504\ub294 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uad8c\ud55c \uc720\uc9c0\ub97c \uc704\ud55c 2017\ub144 \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815(\uad6d\ub0b4\uc678 \uc815\ucc45\uc5d0 \ub9c9\ub300\ud55c \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uc548\ubcf4\ud68c\uc758 \uc758\uc7a5\uc9c1 \uc601\uad6c \uc218\uc784, \uc758\ud68c\uc640 \ub0b4\uac01\uc758 \uad8c\ud55c \uac15\ud654)\uc744 \ub9c8\ubb34\ub9ac\ud55c \ud6c4 2019\ub144 3\uc6d4 \uc870\uae30 \uc0ac\uc784\ud558\uc600\uace0, \ud604\uc7ac \uad6d\uac00\uc548\ubcf4\ud68c\uc758 \uc758\uc7a5\uc9c1\uc744 \uc218\uc784\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud6c4\uc784 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \ud1a0\uce74\uc608\ud504(Kassym-Jomart Tokayev) \ucd1d\ub9ac\uac00 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc9c1 \ub300\ud589\uc744 \ud558\ub2e4\uac00 2019\ub144 6\uc6d4 5\ub144 \uc784\uae30\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc5d0 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc18c\ub828 \ub9d0\uae30 \uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9 \uc81c1\uc11c\uae30\uc774\ub358 \uce74\ub9ac\ubaa8\ud504\ub294 1990\ub144 3\uc6d4 \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, 1995\ub144 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c(99.6% \uc9c0\uc9c0)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 2000\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc784\uae30\ub97c \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc2dc \uce74\ub9ac\ubaa8\ud504\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uac08\uc74c\ud574 2000\ub144 \ub300\uc120\uc744 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\uc73c\ub098 \uc758\ud68c\uc758 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \ub3d9\ub144 1\uc6d4 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c 91.9%\uc758 \ub4dd\ud45c\ub97c \uc5bb\uc5b4 \uc7ac\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 2002\ub144 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uadf8\uc758 \uc784\uae30\ub97c 2007\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \ud5cc\ubc95\uc774 2\ubc88 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc5f0\uc784\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uaddc\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 2007\ub144, 2015\ub144 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0 \ucd9c\ub9c8\ud574 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 2016\ub144 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uac74\uac15\uc774 \uae09\uaca9\ud788 \uc545\ud654\ub418\uba74\uc11c \ud6c4\uacc4\ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\ub0b4\uc678\uc801 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc81c\uace0\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098, \ud6c4\uacc4\uc790 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub9c8\ubb34\ub9ac\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 2016\ub144 9\uc6d4 \uac11\uc790\uae30 \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc7a5\uae30\uac04 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uc9c1\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub358 \ubbf8\ub974\uc9c0\uc694\uc608\ud504(Shavkat Mirziyoev)\uac00 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc9c1 \ub300\ud589\uc744 \ud558\ub2e4\uac00 2016\ub144 12\uc6d4 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c 88.6% \ub4dd\ud45c\ub85c \uc2b9\ub9ac\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud0c0\uc9c0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 \ubc1c\ubc1c\ud55c \ub0b4\uc804(1992-97)\uc758 \uc640\uc911\uc778 1994\ub144 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc5d0 \ub2f9\uc120\ub41c \ub77c\ud750\ubaac(Emomali Rahmon)\uc740 \uc218 \ucc28\ub840\uc758 \uc554\uc0b4\uc704\uae30(1997)\uc640 \ucfe0\ub370\ud0c0(1997. 1998)\ub97c \uadf9\ubcf5\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud604\uc7ac\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc9c1\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud574 \uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub77c\ud750\ubaac\uc740 \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 1997\ub144 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c 7\ub144 \uc784\uae30\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, 2003\ub144 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 2006\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 7\ub144 \uc784\uae30\uc758 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc9c1\uc5d0 \ub450 \ubc88 \ub354 \ucd9c\ub9c8\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ubcf4\uc7a5\ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc 2006\ub144, 2013\ub144 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub85d \uc120\uac70\ubd80\uc815 \ub17c\ub780\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uac01\uac01 79%, 84%\uc758 \ub4dd\ud45c\uc728\ub85c \uc7ac\uc120\uc5d0 \uc131\uacf5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub77c\ud750\ubaac \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc740 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc9c1\uc758 \ubd80\uc790 \uc2b9\uacc4\ub97c \uc900\ube44 \uc911\uc778\ub370, \uc544\ub4e4(Rustam Emomali; \ud604\uc7ac 32\uc138)\uc758 \ub300\uc120 \ucd9c\ub9c8\ub97c \uc704\ud574 2016\ub144 \ub300\uc120 \ud6c4\ubcf4 \uac00\ub2a5 \uc5f0\ub839\uc744 35\uc138\uc5d0\uc11c 30\uc138\ub85c \ub0ae\ucd94\ub294 \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud588\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ub77c\ud750\ubaac\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc740 2017\ub144 \uc218\ub3c4 \ub450\uc0b0\ubca0 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc784\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, 2020\ub144 4\uc6d4\uc5d0\ub294 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc720\uace0\uc2dc \uad8c\ub825\uc2b9\uacc4 1\uc21c\uc704\uc778 \uc758\ud68c(Majlisi Milli) \uc0c1\uc6d0\uc758\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc120\ucd9c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud0c0\uc9c0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 2020\ub144 10\uc6d4 11\uc77c \ub300\uc120\uc774 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub420 \uc608\uc815\uc774\uba70, \ud604\uc7ac \ub204\uac00 \ub300\uc120\uc5d0 \ucd9c\ub9c8\ud560\uc9c0\ub294 \ubd88\ubd84\uba85\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba54\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc0dd\uc874\uc2dc \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd5c\uc545\uc758 \ub3c5\uc7ac\uc790 \uc911 \ud55c \uba85\uc73c\ub85c \uac70\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 \ub2c8\uc57c\uc870\ud504(Saparmurat Niyazov)\ub294 1990\ub144 1\uc6d4 \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758 \uc758\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758\ub294 1991\ub144 6\uc6d4 \ucd08\ub300 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \uc784\uba85\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 1992\ub144 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e8\ub3c5 \ud6c4\ubcf4\ub85c \ucd9c\ub9c8\ud574 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, 1993\ub144 \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \u2018\ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba58\uc758 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\u2019(Turkmenbasy)\ub85c \uc120\uc5b8\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub2c8\uc57c\uc870\ud504\ub294 1994\ub144 \ud5a5\ud6c4 10\ub144\uac04 \uad6d\uac00\ubc1c\uc804\uacc4\ud68d\uc744 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud589\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uba85\ubaa9\uc73c\ub85c 2002\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc784\uae30\ub97c \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud22c\ud45c\ub97c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud574 99.9%\uc758 \ucc2c\uc131\uc744 \uc5bb\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc758\ud68c\ub294 1999\ub144 12\uc6d4 \ub2c8\uc57c\uc870\ud504\ub97c \uc885\uc2e0 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\uc5b8\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub2c8\uc57c\uc870\ud504\ub294 2006\ub144 12\uc6d4 \uc2ec\uc7a5\ub9c8\ube44\ub85c \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud558\uc600\uace0, \ub2f9\uc2dc \ubd80\ucd1d\ub9ac\uc774\ub358 \ubca0\ub974\ub514\ubb34\ud558\uba54\ub3c4\ud504(Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov)\uac00 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc9c1\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 2007\ub144 2\uc6d4 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c 97%\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc5bb\uc5b4 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc5d0 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 \ub300\uc120 \uc804\uc5d0 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc784\uae30\ub97c 7\ub144\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 70\uc138 \ub098\uc774 \uc0c1\ud55c\uc120\uc744 \ucca0\ud3d0\ud558\ub294 \ud5cc\ubc95\uc218\uc815\uc744 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud588\uc73c\uba70, 2017\ub144 2\uc6d4 \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2b9\ub9ac\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. 2020\ub144 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \ubca0\ub974\ub514\ubb34\ud558\uba54\ub3c4\ud504\ub294 \uc758\ud68c \ub0b4 \uc0c1\uc6d0 \uc2e0\uc124 \ub4f1 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc744 \ud6c4\uacc4\uc790\ub85c \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \ubcf8\uaca9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589 \uc911\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, 2005\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc73c\ub85c \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac00 \uc885\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098 \ucd08\ub300 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc544\uce74\uc608\ud504(Akskar Akaev)\ub294 14\ub144 6\uac1c\uc6d4\uc774\ub098 \uc7ac\uc9c1\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud559\uc790 \ucd9c\uc2e0\uc778 \uc544\uce74\uc608\ud504\ub294 1989\ub144 \uc18c\ub828 \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758 \uc758\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \ub2f9\uc120\ub41c \ud6c4, 1990\ub144 10\uc6d4 \ud604\uc9c0 \ucd5c\uace0\ud68c\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ucd9c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 1991\ub144 10\uc6d4 \ub2e8\ub3c5\ud6c4\ubcf4\ub85c \ucd9c\ub9c8\ud558\uc5ec \uad6d\ubbfc \uc9c1\uc120\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc5d0 \uc7ac\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 1995\ub144 12\uc6d4, 2000\ub144 10\uc6d4 \uc120\uac70\ubd80\uc815 \uc8fc\uc7a5 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uac01\uac01 \uc7ac\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad8c\ub825\ub0a8\uc6a9, \ubd80\uc815\ubd80\ud328 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \ud56d\uc758\ud558\ub294 \ub370\ubaa8\uac00 2002\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c 2005\ub144 \uc784\uae30 \ub9d0\uc774 \ub2e4\uac00\uc624\uc790 \ubd80\uc790\uc138\uc2b5\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \uc81c\uae30\ub41c \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ucd1d\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \uc544\ub4e4\uacfc \ub538\uc774 \ucd9c\ub9c8\ud574 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubd80\uc815\uc120\uac70\ub97c \ud56d\uc758\ud558\ub294 \ub370\ubaa8\uac00 \ub0a8\ubd81 \uac04 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uac08\ub4f1\uacfc \uc5f0\ub3d9\ub418\uc5b4 \ub300\ub300\uc801\uc778 \ubc18\uc815\ubd80 \ub370\ubaa8\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud574 \uc544\uce74\uc608\ud504\uc640 \uadf8\uc758 \uac00\uc871\ub4e4\uc774 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\ub85c \ud53c\uc2e0\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc544\uce74\uc608\ud504 \uc815\uad8c\uc774 \uc885\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 2005\ub144 7\uc6d4 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \ub300\ud589\uc774\ub358 \ubc14\ud0a4\uc608\ud504(Kurmanbek Bakiev)\uac00 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098, 2010\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud574 \uc624\ud230\ubc14\uc608\ubc14(Roza Otunbayeva) \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uacfc\ub3c4\uae30\ub97c \uac70\uce58\uba74\uc11c \uc774\uc6d0\uc9d1\uc911\uc81c \uc131\uaca9\uc758 \ub0b4\uac01\uc911\uc2ec\uc81c \ud5cc\ubc95, \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \uc784\uae30 6\ub144 \ub2e8\uc784 \ub4f1\uc744 \uaddc\uc815\ud55c \ud5cc\ubc95\uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 2011\ub144 12\uc6d4 \ub2f9\uc120\ub41c \uc544\ud0d0\ubc14\uc608\ud504(Almazbek Atambayev) \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc774 6\ub144 \uc784\uae30\ub97c \ub9c8\uce58\uace0 \ud1f4\uc784\ud55c \ud6c4, 2017\ub144 11\uc6d4 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ub41c \ub300\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \ud604 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc778 \uc81c\uc5d4\ubca0\ucf54\ud504(Sooronbay Jeenbekov)\uac00 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574, \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub450 \ucc28\ub840\uc758 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc744 \uac70\uce58\uba74\uc11c \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac00 \uc885\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \uad6c\ucd95 \ub3d9\uc778<a href=\"#2\">2)<\/a><\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc694\uc778<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc18c\ub828\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc720\uc0b0<\/b><b>.<\/b> \uc6b0\uc120 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uccb4\uc81c\ub97c \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ud0a8 1\ucc28\uc801 \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc18c\ub828\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc720\uc0b0\uc744 \uc9c0\uc801\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc18c\ub828 \ub9d0\uae30 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uacfc \uc815\uce58\uccb4\uc81c \ud615\uc131\uacfc\uc815\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc18c\ub828 \uad6c\uc131\uad6d\ub4e4\uacfc \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ucc28\uc774\uc810\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc\ub2e4. \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ube44\ub85d \uc5ec\ud0c0 \uad6c\uc131\uad6d\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ubbfc\uc871\uc8fc\uc758\uac00 \ubd84\ucd9c\ub418\uae34 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9\uacfc \ubbfc\uc871\uc8fc\uc758 \uc138\ub825 \uac04\uc758 \uac08\ub4f1\uad6c\ub3c4\uac00 \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \uacb0\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc804\uc5d0 \uc815\uad8c\uad50\uccb4\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uad6c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9\uc774 \ubab0\ub77d\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\uce35\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc30\uc81c\ub41c \ubc18\uba74, \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 4\uac1c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9 \ucd5c\uace0\uc704\uce35\uc774 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc5d0 \ub2f9\uc120\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9\uc740 \uba85\uce6d\ub9cc \ubc14\uafbc \ucc44 \ud5e4\uac8c\ubaa8\ub2c8\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ucc28\ubcc4\uc801 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uacfc\uc815\uc740 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8 \ubc0f \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c1\uc7a5\uacfc \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud568\uacfc \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc18c\ub828\uc2dd \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \ud1b5\uce58\uccb4\uc81c \ubc0f \ud589\uc815\uad00\ub9ac\ub97c \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uc874\uc18d\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uace0\uc704 \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc18c\ub828\uc2dd\uc758 \ud558\ud5a5\uc2dd \uc815\uce58\uc6b4\uc601 \ubc0f \uacbd\uc81c\uad00\ub9ac \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc778\uc0ac\uad8c \ud589\uc0ac\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \uc218\uc9c1\uc801 \uad8c\ub825\uad00\uacc4 \uad6c\ucd95\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ubbff\uc74c\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc778\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\uc74c\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc18c\ub828\uc815\uce58\uc758 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc720\uc0b0\uc740 \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \u2018\ud6c4\uacac-\ud53c\ud6c4\uacac \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\u2019(patron-client network)\uc774\ub2e4. \uc18c\ub828\uc758 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc81c\ub3c4\ub294 \uc774\ub370\uc62c\ub85c\uae30\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ubcf4\uc644\ud558\uc5ec \uac1c\ubc8c\uc801\uc778 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \uc2e4\ud604\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc9c0\uc5f0\u00b7\ud608\uc5f0\u00b7\uc778\ub9e5\uc744 \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \ud55c \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c, \ud2b9\ud788 \ud6c4\uacac-\ud53c\ud6c4\uacac \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \ud544\uc218\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud6c4\uacac-\ud53c\ud6c4\uacac \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\ub294 \uc9d1\uad8c\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uacf5\uace0\ud654\uc640 \uad8c\ub825\uc5f0\uc7a5\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uba54\ucee4\ub2c8\uc998\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ubbf8\ubc1c\ub2ec\uacfc \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ub300\uc548\uc138\ub825\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac<\/b>. \uc0ac\ud68c\uc6b4\ub3d9\uacfc \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc774\ub860\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc640 \uc798 \uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ub41c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ub300\uc548\uc138\ub825(\uc608: \uc57c\ub2f9)\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\ub294 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \ud544\uc218\uc694\uac74\uc774\ub2e4. \uc18c\ub828 \uad6c\uc131\uad6d\uc778 \uc6b0\ud06c\ub77c\uc774\ub098\uc758 \uc624\ub80c\uc9c0 \ud601\uba85(2004-05)\uc640 \uc870\uc9c0\uc544\uc758 \uc7a5\ubbf8 \ud601\uba85(2003-04) \uc0ac\ub840\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud574 \ubcf4\uba74, \uc774\ub4e4 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uad6d\uc81c\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \uc5c5\uc740 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc57c\ub2f9 \ubc0f NGO\uc758 \ud65c\uc57d\uc774 \ub300\ub2e8\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacb0\uc131\uacfc \ud65c\ub3d9\uc740 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ubd80\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uadf8\ub9ac \ub2ec\uac11\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \ub4f1\ub85d\ube44\uc640 \uad00\ub8cc\uc801 \ub808\ub4dc\ud14c\uc774\ud504(\ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uc11c\ub958\uc808\ucc28), \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc5b5\uc555\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacb0\uc131\uacfc \ud65c\ub3d9\uc774 \uc790\uc720\ub86d\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574, \uc57d\ud55c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc740 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub97c \uc6a9\uc774\ud558\uac8c \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud55c\ud3b8 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ub300\uc548\uc138\ub825\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac\ub294 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c 1\uc778 \uc9c0\ubc30\uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \uad6c\ucd95\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc18c\ub828\uc2dc\ub300\ubd80\ud130 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ud654\ub41c \u2018\ud6c4\uacac-\ud53c\ud6c4\uacac \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\u2019\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \ub300\uc548\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub85c\uc758 \uc9c4\uc785 \ubc30\uc81c \ubc0f \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc0c1\ub2f9 \ubd80\ubd84 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc694\uc778<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uacbd\uc81c\uc131\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc218\uc900 \ud5a5\uc0c1<\/b><b>.<\/b> \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 1990\ub144\ub300 \ucd08\u00b7\uc911\ubc18 \uccb4\uc81c\uc774\ud589 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uacbd\uae30\ubd88\ud669\uacfc \ud68c\ubcf5\uc758 \uc5ed\ub3d9\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \uc810\uc9c4 \uac1c\ud601\uc815\ucc45\uc744 \ud45c\ub9dd\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uccb4\uc81c\uc774\ud589 \ucd08\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c \uc548\uc815\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \uc0c1\ub300\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud3d0\uc1c4\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\uc81c\uc815\ucc45\uc740 \uc624\ud788\ub824 2007-08\ub144 \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \uacbd\uc81c\u00b7\uae08\uc735 \uc704\uae30\uc758 \ubd80\uc815\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uce74\ub9ac\ubaa8\ud504 \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub97c \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uacc4\uae30\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, 1995\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uacbd\uc81c\uce68\uccb4\ub97c \uac70\ub4ed\ud574\uc624\ub2e4\uac00 IMF\uc640 \uacf5\uc870\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\uc81c\uac1c\ud601\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud574 4-5%\ub300\uc758 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uc7a5\uc138\ub85c \uc9c4\uc785\ud588\uc73c\uba70, 2000\ub144\ubd80\ud130\ub294 \uad6d\uc81c\uc720\uac00\uc758 \uc0c1\uc2b9 \ubc0f \uac00\uc2a4, \ube44\ucca0\uae08\uc18d\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc218\ucd9c\ud488\uc758 \uad6d\uc81c\uac00\uaca9\uc774 \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud558\uba74\uc11c 2000-08\ub144 \uac04 \uc5f0\ud3c9\uade0 10%\uc758 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uace0\ub3c4 \uacbd\uc81c\uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba54\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\ub3c4 \ube44\ub85d \ud3d0\uc1c4\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\uc81c\uc815\ucc45\uc744 \ud3c7\uc73c\ub098 \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uac00\uc2a4 \uc218\ucd9c\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc131\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\ubcf4\uc7a5\uc744 \ud655\ub300\ud574 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\uad8c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uac15\ud654\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uad04\ubaa9\ud560\ub9cc\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\uc131\uacfc \ubc0f \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc548\uc815\uc131\uc740 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \ub192\uc740 \uc9c0\uc9c0 \ub3d9\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec, \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uae30\uc5ec\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4786\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4786\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4786 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5.png 800w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5-696x392.png 696w, https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image05-5-747x420.png 747w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4786\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uccb4\uc81c \uad6c\ucd95 \ub3d9\uc778<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc0ac\uc720\ud654\uc640 \ubbfc\uc601\ud654 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\ud5e4 \ubd80\uc5ec<\/b><b>. <\/b> \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d \uac04 \uc0ac\uc720\ud654\uc640 \ubbfc\uc601\ud654\uc758 \uc218\uc900 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uba70 \uadf8 \uc124\uba85\ub825\uc774 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc774\uae34 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ubd80\ub4e4\uc774 \uc18c\ub828\uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uae4a\uc774 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub0b4\ub9b0 \u2018\ud6c4\uacac-\ud53c\ud6c4\uacac\u2019 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc0ac\uc720\ud654, \ubbfc\uc601\ud654 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0dd\uaca8\ub09c \ub9c9\ub300\ud55c \ubd80\uc640 \uc774\uad8c\uc744 \uc120\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubc30\ubd84\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\uc9c0 \ubc0f \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uc5f0\uc18d\uc131\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uc9c0\ud558\uc790\uc6d0<\/b><b>. <\/b>\ud53c\uc26c(Fish, 2005)\ub294 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc2e4\ud328\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \ucc9c\uc5f0\uc790\uc6d0\uacfc \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\uc758 \ubd80\uc815\uc801 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ud1b5\uacc4\uc640 \uc0ac\ub840\uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc758 \u2018\ucc9c\uc5f0\uc790\uc6d0\uc758 \uc800\uc8fc\u2019\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc740 \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uc9c0\ud558\uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uccb4\uc81c\ub97c \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\ub300(rent)\ub97c \ucc3d\ucd9c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub370\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c\ub2e4. \uad6d\uac00\uc7ac\uc815\uc774 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc138\uae08\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0\ub3c4 \uc6b4\uc601 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \ubc0f \uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucc45\uc784(accountability)\uc758 \uc694\uad6c\uac00 \ub0ae\uc544\uc9c0\uace0, \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc9c0\ub300\ub97c \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4 \uac04 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4 \uac04\uc5d0 \uc120\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ubc30\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub97c \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc81c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4, \uc6b0\uc988\ubca0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4, \ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba54\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4, \ud0c0\uc9c0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \ucc9c\uc5f0\uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \uc218\ucd9c\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc911\uc774 \ub192\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774\uba70, \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uc774 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640\ub294 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \ucc9c\uc5f0\uc790\uc6d0\uc758 \uc218\ucd9c\ube44\uc911\uc774 \ub0ae\uc740 \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 2005\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uc774 \uc885\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc0ac\ud68c\u00b7\ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uc694\uc778<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc528\uc871\uc815\uce58<\/b><b>.<\/b> \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac00 \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub41c \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uce58\u00b7\ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uc694\uc778\uc744 \uc9c0\uc801\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc120 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc804\ud1b5, \uc989 \uac00\ubd80\uc7a5\uc801 \uc804\ud1b5, \uc778\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc21c\uc751\uc131, \uad8c\uc704 \ubc0f \uc5f0\uc7a5\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc874\uacbd, \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801 \uae30\uad6c \ub4f1\uc774 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc815\uce58\uc758 \uad6c\ucd95\uacfc \uacf5\uace0\ud654\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc9d1\ub2e8 \uad6c\uc131\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc720\ub300\uc640 \uacb0\uc18d\uc744 \uc77c\uccb4\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc804\ud1b5\uc801 \u2018\uc528\uc871\uc815\uce58\u2019(clan politics) \ub610\ud55c \u2018\ubbfc\uc871\uc801 \ucda9\uc131\uac10\u2019, \u2018\uc528\uc871\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub3d9\uc6d0\uacfc \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc758 \uba54\ucee4\ub2c8\uc998\u2019 \uc591\uc0c1\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 1\uc778 \uc9c0\ubc30\uccb4\uc81c\ub97c \uacf5\uace0\ud654\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uae30\uc5ec\ud558\uc600\ub2e4(Collins, 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc21c\uc751\ud615 \uc815\uce58\ubb38\ud654<\/b>. \uc18c\ub828\uc2dc\uae30 \ud615\uc131\ub41c \uc815\uce58\ubb38\ud654, \uc989 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\ubb38\ud654\uc640 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc0dd\ud65c\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc18c\uc678 \ub610\ub294 \ubb34\uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \ud604 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc21c\uc751 \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub300\uc678\uc801 \uc694\uc778<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc11c\uad6c\uc640 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc5f0\uacc4\uc131<\/b><b>. <\/b>\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uac00 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc11c\uad6c\uc640\uc758 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc5f0\uacc4\uc131\uc744 \uc9c0\uc801\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub808\ube44\uce20\ud0a4\uc640 \uc6e8\uc774(Levitsky and Way, 2005)\ub294 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\uc640 \uc11c\uad6c\uc640\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\uc131(linkage)\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud558\uc600\ub294\ub370, \uc5f0\uacc4\uc131\uc740 \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801 \uadfc\uc811\uc131 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc11c\uad6c\uc758 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uac1c\ubc29\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\ud654\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc811\uadfc\uc131 \ubc0f \uc7ac\uc815\uc801\u00b7\uc870\uc9c1\uc801 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc758 \uc815\ub3c4\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc774\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc11c\uad6c\uc640\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\uc131\uc774 \uac15\ud560\uc218\ub85d \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uc544\uc9c4\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc138\ub974\ube44\uc544, \uc6b0\ud06c\ub77c\uc774\ub098, \uc870\uc9c0\uc544 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc5d0\uc11c \uc99d\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc774 \uc88b\uc740 \uc608\uac00 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc740 \ube44\ub85d \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc11c\uad6c\uc640 \uba40\ub9ac \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc \uccb4\uc81c\uc774\ud589 \ucd08\uae30 \uae09\uaca9\ud55c \uac1c\ubc29\uc815\ucc45\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc11c\uad6c\ubb38\ud654\uc758 \uc720\uc785, NGO \ud65c\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\uc6d0 \ubc0f \ud611\ub825\u00b7\uad50\ub958\uc758 \ud655\ub300\uac00 2005\ub144 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ud601\uba85\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ucf00\ud55c \uc8fc\uc694 \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac<\/b><b>.<\/b> \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uccb4\uc81c \uad6c\ucd95\uc5d0\ub294 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\uac00 \ud070 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\ub294 \uacfc\uac70 \uc885\uc8fc\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ud604\uc7ac\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\ub294 \ub2e4\uc790\ud611\ub825 \ub610\ub294 \ud1b5\ud569\uccb4, \uc989 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uad6d\uac00\uc5f0\ud569(CIS), \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc548\ubcf4\uc870\uc57d\uae30\uad6c(CSTO), \uc720\ub77c\uc2dc\uc544\uacbd\uc81c\uc5f0\ud569(EAEU), \uc0c1\ud558\uc774\ud611\ub825\uae30\uad6c(SCO) \ub4f1\uc744 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc591\uc790 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uae34\ubc00\ud55c \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\u00b7\uc548\ubcf4 \ud611\ub825 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574 \uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801, \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801 \uc694\uc778\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ub7ec \uc758\uc874\ub3c4\uac00 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub192\uc740 \ud3b8\uc774\uba70, \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc790\uad6d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub2e4. \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uc778 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \ub54c, \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\ub97c \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc11c\ubc29\uc138\uacc4\uc640 \uac00\uae4c\uc6cc\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc218\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\uba70, \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\ub294 \uc790\uad6d\uc758 \ub300\uc911\uc559\uc544 \uc815\ucc45\uc5d0 \uc21c\uc751\ud558\ub294 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub97c \uc9c0\uc9c0\ud574 \uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\ub294 \uad6d\ub0b4\uc678 \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uad6c\ucd95, \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\uc73c\ub098 \ud5a5\ud6c4 \uc9c4\ub85c\ub294 \uacfc\uac70\uc640\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6d\ub0b4\uc678 \uc815\uc138\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc73c\uba74\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\ud560 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \ubcc0\ud654\ub41c \uad6d\ub0b4\uc678 \uc815\uc138\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc815\uce58\ub294 \u2018\uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 2.0 \uc2dc\ub300\u2019\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud560 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ub9dd\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\ub294 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uaca0\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud5cc\ubc95\uc5d0\uc11c \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc911\uc784 \uc774\uc0c1\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uc744 \ud68d\ucc45\ud558\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \ub098\uc62c \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \ud604 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ud0c0\uc9c0\ud0a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uacfc \ud22c\ub974\ud06c\uba54\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \ubd80\uc790\uc138\uc2b5\uc758 \uc131\uacf5\uc5ec\ubd80\uac00 \uad00\uc2ec\uc0ac\ud56d\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub4e4 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd80\uc790\uc138\uc2b5\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc911\uc784 \uc774\uc0c1\uc758 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uc744 \ud68d\ucc45\ud558\uae30\ub294 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uc800\uc790 \uc18c\uac1c<\/b><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8(jnko92@gmail.com)\uc740<br \/>\n\uc720\ub77c\uc2dc\uc544\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0 \uc6d0\uc7a5\uc774\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d \ubbf8\uc8fc\ub9ac\ub300\ud559\uace0(University of Missouri-Columbia)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uce58\ud559 \ubc15\uc0ac\ud559\uc704\ub97c \ucde8\ub4dd\ud55c \ud6c4 \uc678\uad50\ubd80 \uad6d\ub9bd\uc678\uad50\uc6d0 \uad50\uc218\ub85c \uc7ac\uc9c1\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud55c\uad6d \uc2ac\ub77c\ube0c\u00b7\uc720\ub77c\uc2dc\uc544\ud559\ud68c \ud68c\uc7a5, \ud55c\uc591\ub300\ud559\uad50 \uad6d\uc81c\ud559\ub300\ud559\uc6d0\u00b7\ud55c\uad6d\uc678\ub300 \uc9c0\uc5ed\ub300\ud559\uc6d0 \uacb8\uc784\uad50\uc218 \ub4f1\uc744 \uc5ed\uc784\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc5f0\uad6c \ubd84\uc57c\ub294 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544, \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \ub4f1 \uc61b \uc18c\ub828\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uc678\uad50\u00b7\uc548\ubcf4 \uc774\uc288\uc774\uba70, \uc8fc\uc694 \uc800\uc11c\ub85c\ub294 \u300e\uad6c\uc18c\ub828\uc9c0\uc5ed \ubbfc\uc871\ubd84\uc7c1\uc758 \ud574\ubd80\u300f(1996), \u300e\ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544 \uc678\uad50\uc815\ucc45\uc758 \uc774\ud574: \ub300\ub9bd\uacfc \ud1b5\ud569, \ud478\ud2f4\uc758 \uae38\u300f(2019), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc5f0\uad6c\ubd84\uc57c \uad00\ub828 \uc218\uc6d0\ubc31\ud3b8\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ubb3c\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>1)\u00a0\ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4\ub294 \uc2a4\ucf00\uc77c\uc744 1-7\uae4c\uc9c0 \uad6c\ubd84\ud574 \uc22b\uc790\uac00 1\uc5d0 \uc811\uadfc\ud560\uc218\ub85d \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4\uac00 \ub192\uace0, 7\uc5d0 \uc811\uadfc\ud560\uc218\ub85d \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4\uac00 \ub0ae\uac8c \ud3c9\uac00\ub428. \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654 \uc815\ub3c4\ub294 national democratic governance, electoral process, civil society, independent media, local democratic governance, judicial framework &amp; independence, corruption\uc758 \uc810\uc218\ub97c \ud569\uce5c \ud3c9\uade0\uac12\uc784.<\/p>\n<p>2020\ub144 Freedom House\ub294 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc744 \u2018\uacf5\uace0\ud654\ub41c \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\u2019\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \ubbfc\uc8fc\ud654\uc758 \uc815\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c\u2018\ubd80\ubd84\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6b4 \uad6d\uac00\u2019(Partly Free))\uc778 \ud0a4\ub974\uae30\uc2a4\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud55c 4\uac1c\uad6d\uc740 \u2018\ube44\uc790\uc720 \uad6d\uac00\u2019(Not Free)\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ud568.<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8, \u201c\uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uacfc \ub3d9\uc778,\u201d \uc774\uc7ac\uc601, \uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8, \ubc15\uc0c1\ub0a8, \uc774\uc9c0\uc740, \u300e\uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\uc640 \uad8c\ub825\uad6c\uc870 \uc5f0\uad6c\u300f, \uc804\ub7b5\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc2ec\uce35\uc5f0\uad6c 09-03(\ub300\uc678\uacbd\uc81c\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0, 2010), 145-162.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8. 2010.\u201c\uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c\uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uacfc \ub3d9\uc778.\u201d \uc774\uc7ac\uc601, \uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8, \ubc15\uc0c1\ub0a8, \uc774\uc9c0\uc740. \u300e\uce74\uc790\ud750\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\uc640 \uad8c\ub825\uad6c\uc870 \uc5f0\uad6c\u300f. \uc804\ub7b5\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc2ec\uce35\uc5f0\uad6c 09-03(\ub300\uc678\uacbd\uc81c\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0, 2010), 145-162.<\/li>\n<li>Collins, Kathleen.2006. Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Fish, M. S. 2005. Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Freedom House. 2020. Nation in Transit 2020.<\/li>\n<li>Kukeyeva, Fatima, Oxana Shkapyak. 2013. \u201cCentral Asia\u2019s Transition to Democracy,\u201d Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science 81, 79-83.<\/li>\n<li>Levitsky, Steven and Lucian A. Way. 2005.\u201cInternational Linkage and Democratization.\u201d Journal of Democracy, No. 16(3).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/\uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758-\uc7a5\uae30\uc9d1\uad8c-\uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758-\uc815\uce58.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1248 td-animation-stack-type0-2\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/pdf.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"22\" \/>PDF \ud30c\uc77c \ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uace0\uc7ac\ub0a8 (\uc720\ub77c\uc2dc\uc544\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0) \ube57\ub098\uac04 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc774\ud589\ub860 \uc911\u00b7\ub3d9 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ud0c8\uacf5\uc0b0\ud654\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 1991\ub144 12\uc6d4 \uc18c\uc5f0\ubc29\uc774 \ud574\uccb4\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc815\uce58\ud559\uc790 \ubc0f \uc5b8\ub860\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc911\uc559\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 5\uac1c\uad6d\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uc18c\uc5f0\ubc29 \uad6c\uc131\uad6d\ub4e4\uc774 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uccb4\uc81c\ub85c \ubcc0\ud654 \ubc0f \ubc1c\uc804, \uc989 \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019(transition to democracy)\uc744 \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc804\ub9dd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub3c5\ub9bd \ud6c4 2004\ub144 EU\uc640 NATO \uac00\uc785\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\u00b7\uc548\ubcf4 \uc9c8\uc11c\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc785\ud55c \ubc1c\ud2b8 3\uad6d\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud558\uace0 \uc5ec\ud0c0 12\uac1c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \u2018\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\ud589\u2019\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\uc9c0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4784,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[630,649,489,439,632,251],"class_list":["post-4659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-34","tag-630","tag-649","tag-489","tag-439","tag-632","tag-251"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4659"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4922,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4659\/revisions\/4922"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4784"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}