{"id":3618,"date":"2020-01-16T14:39:39","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T05:39:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=3618"},"modified":"2020-06-29T10:04:00","modified_gmt":"2020-06-29T01:04:00","slug":"iran-the-specter-of-war-or-the-prospect-of-revolt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=3618","title":{"rendered":"Iran: The Specter of War or the Prospect of Revolt?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Siavash Saffari (Seoul National University)<\/strong><\/p>\n

In a frigid afternoon on Sunday January 12, my wife and I attended a public memorial service for the victims of the Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752. The service was held at the University of Alberta in the northern Canadian city of Edmonton, where I have been spending my sabbatical semester for the past few months. We joined a crowd of more than 2,000 people braving the -38 C temperature to commemorate over a dozen victims with ties to the city and the university. Among the speakers were friends and relatives of the victims, university officials, and state dignitaries including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who described the plane crash as \u201ca Canadian tragedy.\u201d<\/a> Of the 176 people aboard, 57 held dual Iranian-Canadian citizenships, another 138 were on their way to Canada as international students, permanent residents, or visitors.<\/p>\n

Three days before the memorial service, Trudeau<\/a> told reporters he had received intelligence confirming the crash was caused by an Iranian missile. At first, the Iranian state denied any wrongdoing. But as evidence mounted and international pressure (from Ukraine and Canada in particular) grew, a new official narrative began to emerge. On January 11, in a televised statement, General Amir Ali Hajizadeh<\/a>, who heads the aerospace division of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), announced the plane had been hit due to \u201cunintentional human error,\u201d adding \u201cI wish I was dead and such an incident hadn\u2019t happened.\u201d Shortly after this, President Hassan Rouhani<\/a> offered his \u201cregrets\u201d to the mourning families. Foreign Minister Javad Zarif<\/a> too expressed his \u201capologies\u201d to the people of Iran, though he ultimately placed the blame on \u201cUS adventurism\u201d as the main cause of the present crisis.<\/p>\n

Tensions between Tehran and Washington have existed since 1979 when a popular revolution toppled Iran\u2019s authoritarian US-backed monarchy. The present crisis to which Foreign Minister Zarif refers, however, is much more recent. It began in 2018 when the United States\u2019 government withdrew from the \u201cIran nuclear deal,\u201d<\/a> reinstated all previous sanctions, and imposed new punitive measures against Iran and its trading partners. The economic and human costs of sanctions on Iranian society are immeasurable. The International Monetary Fund<\/a> assesses that sanctions have caused \u201csevere distress,\u201d and the Human Rights Watch<\/a> reports that \u201cUS sanctions have harmed Iranians\u2019 right to health\u201d and their access to \u201cvital medicines and medical equipment.\u201d President Trump\u2019s \u201cmaximum pressure campaign\u201d<\/a> against Iran has also increased fears about the outbreak of war. In a July 2019 column in The Guardian<\/a>, former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami warned that US government\u2019s \u201cbrutal sanctions\u201d and \u201crenewed military threats\u201d were making full-scale war between the two countries \u201cincreasingly likely.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Iranian Officials stand near the wreckage of the plane crash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani was killed by a US drone strike outside of Baghdad on January 3, the likelihood of war appeared to have increased to an alarming level. The Iranian state and regional allies such as the Lebanese Hezbollah<\/a> vowed retaliation, which came January 8 when Iran launched ballistic missiles at two Iraqi bases hosting US forces. IRGC<\/a>\u2019s claims that the strikes had killed at least 80 American troops were quickly dismissed, \u00a0as both Baghdad and Washington confirmed there had been no Iraqi or American casualties. It was also revealed<\/a> that Iran had informed the Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi of the coming strikes, and that Iraqi officials informed the US military. Even the IRGC seemed to walk back their previous claims, announcing the missile strikes \u201cdid not intend to kill.\u201d It soon became evident the Iranian strikes were, in the words of one New York Times<\/a> columnist, \u201cintended to save face rather than inflict casualties.\u201d In a Tweet<\/a>, Foreign Minister Zarif indicated that Iran has \u201cconcluded\u201d its retaliation and does \u201cnot seek escalation or war.\u201d Zarif\u2019s tone was reciprocated by US President Donald J Trump who indicated<\/a> that military de-escalation was possible.<\/p>\n

\"\"
In 14 January, many students gathered at Tehran University to show their sympathy to the victims<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

As the threat of war appears to have subsided momentarily, the Islamic Republic is confronted now with yet another episode of its crisis of legitimacy at home. Widespread social and political dissent have given rise to several protest movements in recent years. In June 2009 millions filled the streets to protest against alleged fraud in a disputed presidential race that saw the re-election of incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Then, in the final days of 2017, Iran once again witnessed nationwide protests, this time against ever-worsening economic conditions and pervasive corruption at the highest levels of the state. Economic protesters returned to the streets in November 2019 after the government announced a sudden hike in fuel prices. The state responded with unprecedented violence. According to Amnesty International<\/a>, the use of \u201clethal force\u201d by authorities resulted in the killing of at least 304 people. A subsequent report from Reuters<\/a> put the estimate much higher, at about 1,500. By the end of November, it seemed as if the protests had been effectively subdued. But when the Iranian state finally admitted its responsibility in the plane crash tragedy, outraged protestors<\/a> took to the streets again expressing disenchantment with the entirety of Iran\u2019s political system, including the IRGC and the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Already dissatisfied with the state\u2019s political repression and economic mismanagement, many of them see this tragic incident as a costly display of a systemic failure in the Islamic Republic.<\/p>\n

Tweeting in English and Persian, President Trump<\/a> has expressed support for protestors in Iran, suggesting he may take action if the Iranian state \u201cmassacres\u201d protestors or blocks internet access. In Iran, however, Trump\u2019s support for the protestors is viewed with skepticism. Many of the same workers, students, women\u2019s rights activists, and democracy activists who lead the ongoing protests in the country are equally firm in their opposition to foreign interference. This sentiment is captured in a January 11 statement<\/a> by a group of students at the Tehran Polytechnic University, one of Iran\u2019s oldest universities with a long history of student activism. The statement blames the present crisis on \u201cUS adventurism\u201d in the Middle East and \u201ca repressive government\u201d in Iran. It condemns those segments of the Iranian opposition that depend on \u201coutside powers,\u201d and it calls on the people of Iran to \u201creturn to popular politics.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Iranian students are holding pictures of the victims during a memorial ceremony<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Around the world, including in Canada and South Korea, many people are following the events in the Middle East with anxious anticipation. As somebody who was born in Iran, and who has family and friends there, and who reads and writes and teaches about Iran and the Middle East nearly every day, I too follow the news from here in Canada with a mixture of fear of war and hope for a better future. I think Prime Minster Trudeau is correct to recognize the tragedy of Ukraine International Airlines flight PS752 as a reminder that innocent civilians are the first casualties of war and conflict, and I hope that other world leaders heed his call<\/a> for diplomacy and de-escalation. A global call for peace may be the most effective expression of solidarity with the highest aspirations of the Iranian people for freedom and equality.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

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\uc774\ub780\uacfc \ubbf8\uad6d \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc678\uad50\uc801 \uae34\uc7a5 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ubc1b\ub358 \uc774\ub780\uc758 \uad8c\uc704\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc655\uc815\uc774 \ubb34\ub108\uc9c4 1979\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \uc874\uc7ac\ud574\uc654\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc790\ub9ac\ud504 \uc678\ubb34\ubd80 \uc7a5\uad00\uc774 \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \uc0ac\ud0dc\ub294 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \uc77c\ub85c, 2018\ub144 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc815\ubd80\uac00 “\uc774\ub780 \ud575 \ud611\uc0c1”\uc744 \ud3d0\uae30\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub780\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc81c\uc7ac\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \ubd80\ud65c\uc2dc\ud0a4\uba70 \uc774\ub780\uacfc \uc774\ub780\uc758 \ubb34\uc5ed\uad6d\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd94\uac00\uc801\uc778 \uc9d5\ubc8c \uc870\uce58\ub97c \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c \uc77c\uc774\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc81c \uc81c\uc7ac\ub294 \uc774\ub780 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ub9c9\ub300\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801, \uc778\uc801 \ube44\uc6a9\uc744 \ucd08\ub798\ud588\ub2e4. \uad6d\uc81c\ud1b5\ud654\uae30\uae08\uc740 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c \uc81c\uc7ac\uac00 “\uadf9\uc2ec\ud55c \uace0\ud1b5”\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ucf30\ub2e4\uace0 \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \uad6d\uc81c\uc778\uad8c\uac10\uc2dc\uae30\uad6c\ub294 “\ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c \uc7ac\uc81c\ub294 \uc774\ub780\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uac74\uac15\uad8c\u201d\uacfc “\ud544\uc218\uc758\uc57d\ud488\uacfc \uc758\ub8cc \uae30\uad6c”\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc811\uadfc\uc131\uc744 \uce68\ud574\ud588\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\uace0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud2b8\ub7fc\ud504 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \ub300 \uc774\ub780 “\ucd5c\ub300 \uc555\ubc15\uc804\ub7b5” \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc804\uc7c1\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0a0 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ub450\ub824\uc6c0\uc744 \uc99d\ud3ed\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. 2019\ub144 7\uc6d4 \uac00\ub514\uc5b8 \uc9c0\uc758 \uae30\uace0\ub780\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa8\ud568\ub9c8\ub4dc \ud558\ud0c0\ubbf8 \uc774\ub780 \uc804 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc740 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc815\ubd80\uc758 “\uac00\ud639\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c \uc81c\uc7ac”\uc640 “\uad70\uc0ac\uc801 \uc704\ud611\uc758 \uc7ac\ubc1c”\uc740 \ub450 \uad6d\uac00 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc804\uba74\uc804\uc744 \u201c\ub354\uc6b1\ub354 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc77c\u201d\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \uacbd\uace0\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

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\uc804\uc7c1\uc758 \uc704\ud611\uc774 \uc7a6\uc544\ub4e0 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc778 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uacf5\ud654\uad6d\uc740 \uc774\uc81c \uad6d\ub0b4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc131\uc774 \ub610\ub2e4\uc2dc \uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \ucc98\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801, \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ubd88\ub9cc\uc740 \ucd5c\uadfc \uba87 \ub144 \uac04 \uc218 \ucc28\ub840\uc758 \uc2dc\uc704\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ud45c\ucd9c\ub418\uc5b4\uc654\ub2e4. 2009\ub144 6\uc6d4, \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uba85\uc758 \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\ub294 \ub9c8\ud750\ubb34\ub4dc \uc544\ud750\ub9c8\ub514\ub124\uc790\ub4dc \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc7ac\uc120\uc774 \ubd80\uc815 \ud22c\ud45c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uba70 \ub4e4\uace0 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 2017\ub144 \uc5f0\ub9d0, \ub354\ub354\uc6b1 \uc545\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc81c\uc640 \uad6d\uac00 \uace0\uc704\uce35\uc5d0 \ub9cc\uc5f0\ud55c \ubd80\ud328\uc5d0 \ub300\ud56d\ud558\uc5ec \uc804\uad6d\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uc704\uac00 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc2dc \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\uc778 \uace4\uad81\uc73c\ub85c \uac70\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub6f0\uccd0\ub098\uc654\ub358 \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\ub294 2019\ub144 11\uc6d4 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uae30\uc2b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\ub8cc \uac00\uaca9\uc744 \uc62c\ub9ac\uc790 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc9d1\uacb0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc804\ub840 \uc5c6\ub294 \ud3ed\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\ub97c \uc9c4\uc555\ud588\ub2e4. \uad6d\uc81c\uc570\ub124\uc2a4\ud2f0\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74 \uc815\uad8c\uc758 “\uc0b4\uc778\uc801\uc778 \ud3ed\ub825” \ud589\uc0ac\ub85c \ucd5c\uc18c 304\uba85\uc774 \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud588\ub2e4. \uc5f0\uc774\uc740 \ub85c\uc774\ud130 \ud1b5\uc2e0\uc758 \ubcf4\ub3c4\ub294 \uadf8\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub9ce\uc740 1,500\uba85\uac00\ub7c9\uc774 \uc0ac\ub9dd\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ucd94\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. 11\uc6d4 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub7ec \uc804\uad6d\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uc704\ub294 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\uc555\ub41c \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub780 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc5ec\uac1d\uae30 \ucd94\ub77d \ucc38\uc0ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \ub9c8\uce68\ub0b4 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uc790, \ubd84\ub178\ud55c \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\ub294 \uc7ac\ucc28 \uac70\ub9ac\ub97c \uc810\ub839\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub780\uc758 \uc815\uce58 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uacfc \uc774\ub780 \ud601\uba85 \uc218\ube44\ub300\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860 \ucd5c\uace0 \uc885\uad50 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790 \uc544\uc57c\ud1a8\ub77c \uc54c\ub9ac \ud558\uba54\ub124\uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud658\uba78\uc744 \ud45c\ucd9c\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ubbf8 \uc774\ub780 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud0c4\uc555\uacfc \uacbd\uc81c \ud30c\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ubd88\ub9cc\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ube44\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \uc5ec\uac1d\uae30 \ucd94\ub77d \uc0ac\uace0\ub294 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uacf5\ud654\uad6d\uc774 \uad6c\uc870\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\uc600\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uac12\ube44\uc2fc \uc99d\uac70\ub85c \uaf3d\ud788\uac8c \ub41c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud2b8\uc704\ud130\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ud2b8\ub7fc\ud504 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc740 \uc601\uc5b4\uc640 \ud398\ub974\uc2dc\uc544\uc5b4\ub85c \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc758 \ub73b\uc744 \ud45c\ud558\uba70 \uc774\ub780 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\ub97c “\ud559\uc0b4\ud558\uac70\ub098” \uc774\ub780\uc758 \uc778\ud130\ub137 \ub9dd\uc744 \ud3d0\uc1c4\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \ubaa8\uc885\uc758 \uc870\uce58\ub97c \ucde8\ud560 \uac83\uc784\uc744 \uc2dc\uc0ac\ud588\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub780\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ud2b8\ub7fc\ud504 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc774 \uc2dc\uc704\ub300\ub97c \uc9c0\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud68c\uc758\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uac01\uc774 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \uc774\ub780\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c4\ud589\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc2dc\uc704\ub97c \uc774\ub04c\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790, \ud559\uc0dd, \uc5ec\uc131 \uc778\uad8c \ud65c\ub3d9\uac00, \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc678\uc138\uc758 \uac1c\uc785\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud655\uace0\ud558\uac8c \ubc18\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc785\uc7a5\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubbfc\uc911 \uac10\uc815\uc740 \uc624\ub79c \ud559\uc0dd \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc720\uc11c \uae4a\uc740 \ub300\ud559\uad50 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc778 \ud14c\ud5e4\ub780 \ud3f4\ub9ac\ud14c\ud06c\ub2c9 \ub300\ud559\uad50 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 1\uc6d4 11\uc77c \uc131\uba85\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3ec\ucc29\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc131\uba85\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \uc0ac\ud0dc\uac00 \uc911\ub3d9\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 “\ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ubaa8\ud5d8\uc8fc\uc758”\uc640 \uc774\ub780\uc758 “\uc5b5\uc555\uc801\uc778 \uc815\ubd80”\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ube44\ud310\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc774 \uc131\uba85\uc740 “\uc678\uc138”\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \ubc18\uc815\ubd80\uc138\ub825\uc744 \ube44\ud310\ud558\uba70 \uc774\ub780 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 “\ub300\uc911 \uc815\uce58(popular politics)\ub85c \ud68c\uadc0”\ud558\uae30\ub97c \uc694\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc640 \ud55c\uad6d\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uc138\uacc4 \ub3c4\ucc98\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ubd88\uc548\ud55c \ub9c8\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uc911\ub3d9\uc758 \uc18c\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uae30\uc6b8\uc774\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub780\uc5d0\uc11c \ud0dc\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0, \uc774\ub780\uc5d0 \uac00\uc871\uacfc \uce5c\uad6c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\uace0, \ub610\ud55c \uc774\ub780\uacfc \uc911\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uac70\uc758 \ub9e4\uc77c \uae00\uc744 \uc77d\uace0 \uc4f0\uace0 \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub294 \ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ub098 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc774\uacf3 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub450\ub824\uc6c0\uacfc \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub098\uc740 \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud76c\ub9dd\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc911\ub3d9\uc758 \ub274\uc2a4\ub97c \uc9c0\ucf1c\ubcf4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud2b8\ub93c\ub3c4 \ucd1d\ub9ac\ub294 \uc6b0\ud06c\ub77c\uc774\ub098 \uad6d\uc81c\uc120 PS752\ud3b8\uc758 \ube44\uadf9\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uacb0\uad6d \uc804\uc7c1\uc758 \uccab \ud76c\uc0dd\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ubb34\uace0\ud55c \ubbfc\uac04\uc778\ub4e4\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uae68\ub2ec\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub098 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc774\uc5d0 \ub3d9\uc758\ud558\uba70, \uc138\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc678\uad50\uc640 \uad70\uc0ac\uc801 \uae34\uc7a5 \uc644\ud654\ub97c \uc694\uccad\ud558\ub294 \ud2b8\ub93c\ub3c4 \ucd1d\ub9ac\uc640 \ub73b\uc744 \uac19\uc774 \ud558\uae30\ub97c \ud76c\ub9dd\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc804\uc9c0\uad6c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \ud3c9\ud654\ub97c \uc694\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc774\ub780 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc790\uc720\uc640 \ud3c9\ub4f1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc22d\uace0\ud55c \uc5f4\ub9dd\uacfc \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\ub300\ub97c \ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc800\uc790\uc18c\uac1c<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\uc2dc\uc544\ubc14\uc2dc \uc0ac\ud30c\ub9ac(Siavash Saffari) \uad50\uc218(ssaffari@snu.ac.kr)<\/strong>\ub294
\n\uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5b8\uc5b4\ubb38\uba85\ud559\ubd80\uc758 \uc11c\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5b8\uc5b4\ubb38\uba85\uc804\uacf5 \uc870\uad50\uc218\ub85c \uc7ac\uc9c1 \uc911\uc774\ub2e4. University of Alberta\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc15\uc0ac\ud559\uc704\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\uc73c\uba70, \ucf5c\ub86c\ube44\uc544 \ub300\ud559\uc758 \uc911\ub3d9, \ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544, \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uc804\uacf5\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc15\uc0ac \ud6c4 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\ub0c8\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \uadfc\ub300 \uc774\ub780 \uc9c0\uc131\uc0ac, 19\uc138\uae30 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uc0ac\uc0c1, \uadfc\ub300\uc131\uacfc \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc131\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uac00\ub974\uce58\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uad00\ub828 \uc800\uc11c Beyond Shariati: Modernity, Cosmopolitanism and Islam in Iranian Political Thought\uac00 2017\ub144\uc5d0 \ucd9c\uac04\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Siavash Saffari (Seoul National University) In a frigid afternoon on Sunday January 12, my wife and I attended a public memorial service for the victims of the Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752. The service was held at the University of Alberta in the northern Canadian city of Edmonton, where I have been spending my sabbatical […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3619,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3618"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3618\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3625,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3618\/revisions\/3625"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}